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AP Biology: Chapter 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

AP Biology: Chapter 3 Vocabulary

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1275878117Organic ChemistryThe chemistry of living things.1
1275878118Inorganic ChemistryThe chemistry of nonliving matter.2
1275878119Organic MoleculesMolecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.3
1275878120BiomoleculesThe four classes or organic compounds in any living thing; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.4
1275878121Functional GroupA specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton.5
1275878122HydrophobicNot soluble in water.6
1275878123HydrphilicSoluble in water.7
1275878124IsomersOrganic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms.8
1301010053PolymersThe largest biomolecules; constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of sub-unit.9
1301010054MonomersSmall molecule that is a subunit of a polymer.10
1301010055Dehydration ReactionWhen a cell uses a condensation reaction to synthesize any type of biomolecules.11
1301010056Hydrolysis ReactionSplitting of a chemical bond by the addition of water, with the H+ going to one molecule and the OH- going to the other.12
1301010057EnzymeA molecule that speeds a reaction by bringing reactants together and helping them to form new molecules.13
1301010058CarbohydratesUniversally used as an immediate energy source in living things, but they also play structural roles in a variety of organisms.14
1301010059MonosaccharidesConsists of only a single sugar molecule and are called simple sugars.15
1301010060GlucoseA six-carbon monosaccharide.16
1301010061HexoseAny monosaccharide that contains six carbons.17
1301010062RibosePentose sugar found in RNA.18
1301010063DeoxyribosePentose sugar found in DNA.19
1301010064PentoseFive carbon monosaccharide.20
1301010065DisaccharideContains two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction.21
1301010066PolysaccharidePolymers of monosaccharides.22
1301010067StarchStorage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains.23
1301010068GlycogenStorage polysaccharides found in animals.24
1301010069CellulosePolysaccharide that is the major complex carbohydrates in plant cell walls.25
1301010070ChitinStrong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi.26
1301010071PeptidoglycanPolysaccharides that contains short chains of amino acids.27
1301010072LipidsClass of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in nonpolar solvents.28
1301010073FatsOrganic molecule that contains glycerol and three fatty acids.29
1301010074OilsTriglyceride, usually of plant origin, that is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids and is liquid in consistency due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids.30
1301010075Fatty AcidMolecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group.31
1301010076Saturated Fatty AcidsFatty acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain.32
1301010077Unsaturated Fatty AcidsFatty acid molecules that contains double bonds between some carbons of its hydrocarbon chain.33
1301010078GlycerolThree carbon carbohydrate with three hydroxyl groups attached.34
1301010079TriglyceridesNatural fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.35
1301010080PhopholipidsMolecule that forms the bilayer of the cells membranes.36
1301010081SteroidsType of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings.37
1301010082WaxesLong-chain fatty acids bond with long-chain alcohols.38
1301010083ProteinsPolymer of amino acids. Metabolism, support, transport, hemoglobin, defense, regulation, and motion.39
1301010084MetabolismThe sum of the chemical ractions that occur in a cell.40
1301010085SupportProteins that have a structural function.41
1301010086TransportChannel and carrier proteins in the plasma membrane regulate what substances enter and exit cells.42
1301010087HemoglobinA complex protein that transports oxygen to tissues and cells.43
1301010088DefenseIncludes antibodies that are proteins of our immune system that combine with foreign substances.44
1301010089RegulationHormones that are proteins that regulate how cells behave.45
1301010090MotionWhen the contractile proteins actin and myosin allow parts of cells to move and cause muscles to contract.46
1301010091Peptide BondThe resulting covalent bond between two amino acids.47
1301010092PeptideWhen two or more amino acids bond together.48
1301010093PolypeptideA chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds.49
1301010094Amino AcidsOrganic molecules composed of an amino group and an acid group.50
1301010095Primary StructurePrimary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids defined by a gene.51
1301010096Secondary StructureSecondary structure of a protein occurs when the polypeptide coils of folds in a particular way.52
1301010097Fibrous ProteinsStructural proteins, existing only as helices or pleated sheets that hydrogen-bond to each other.53
1301010098Tertiary StructureThe folding that results in the final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide.54
1301010099Globular ProteinsMost of the proteins in the body.55
1306039164DenaturedWhen proteins lose their natural shape.56
1306039165Quaternary StructureWhen two or more folded polypeptides interact to perform a biological function.57
1306039166Chaperone ProteinsMolecule that directs the proper folding of polypeptides.58
1306039167PrionsInfectious particle consisting of protein only and no nucleic acid.59
1306039168Nucleic AcidsPolymer of nucleotides.60
1306039169DNANucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose.61
1306039170RNANucleic acid that produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose.62
1306039171CoenzymeNon-protein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound.63
1306039172ATPNucleotide with three phosphate groups.64
1306039173NucleotideMonomer of DNA and RNA consisting of 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.65
1306039174Complementary Base PairingHydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines.66
1306039175ADPNucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP.67

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