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| 8776813914 | Immune System | The totality of the body's physical barriers, immune cells, molecules, and physiological responses that enable you to block, fight, and destroy pathogens | 0 | |
| 8776813915 | Innate Immunity | All animals A defense that is active immediately upon infection and is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered before Nonspecific (less advanced, generic) Outer covering (skin/shell, chemical secretions, internal surfaces) Small preset group of receptor proteins bind to molecules/structures that are absent from animal bodies but common to viruses, bacteria, or other microbes Rapid Response | 1 | |
| 8776813916 | Innate Immunity - Internal Defenses | Phagocytic cells, Natural Killer cells, Antimicrobial Proteins, Inflammatory Reponse, Complement Protein Cascade Can have B and T cells | 2 | |
| 8776813917 | Adaptive Immunity | Vertebrates Only A defense that produces a a vast arsenal of receptors, each of which recognizes a feature typically found only on a particular part of a particular molecule in a particular pathogen Specific Slow development, slow response | 3 | |
| 8776813918 | Adaptive Immunity - Internal Defenses | Antibodies Cytotoxic cells (B and T Cells) | 4 | |
| 8776813919 | Innate immunity of Invertebrates | Exoskeleton - First line Lysozyme - Breaks down bacterial cell walls Hemocytes - Phagocytosis or production of chemicals Antimicrobial Peptide secretion (disrupt plasma membranes) | 5 | |
| 8776813920 | Lysozyme | An enzyme that breaks down cell walls to protect insect digestive systems | 6 | |
| 8776813921 | Phagocytosis | The cellular ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign susbtances | 7 | |
| 8776813922 | Innate Immunity of Certebrates | Coexist with adaptive immunity Barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides (found in both vertebrates and invertebrates) Unique aspects to vertebrates (natural killer cells, interferons, inflammatory response) | 8 | |
| 8776813923 | Barrier Defenses | Block entry of many pathogens Skin Mucous membrane Mucous Ciliated cells Saliva, tears, mucous (inhibits colonization, hostile lysozymes) pH from stomach Oil and sweat (pH 3-5) prevent growth | 9 | |
| 8776813924 | Cellular Innate Defenses | ... | 10 | |
| 8776813925 | Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) | A mammalian receptor that binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens After detection, a phagocytic cell engulfs them (traps in a vacuole) Lysosome fuses and degrades components) | 11 | |
| 8776813926 | Neutrophils | One main type of phagocytic cell in the mammalian body Attracted by signals from infected tissues Engulf and destroy infecting pathogens | 12 | |
| 8776813927 | Macrophages | Second main type of phagocytic cell in the mammalian body Larger than neutrophils Migratory or localized | 13 | |
| 8776813928 | Dendritic Cells | Populate tissues (ex. skin) that ocntact the environment) Stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they encounter and engulf | 14 | |
| 8776813929 | Eosinophils | Found beneath mucosal surface Low phagocytic activity Important in defending against multicellular invaders (parasitic worms) Discharge destructive enzymes | 15 | |
| 8776813930 | Natural Killer Cells | Unique to vertebrates Circulate body to detect abnormal array of surface proteins (virus-infected or cancerous cells) | 16 | |
| 8776813931 | Interferons | Antimicrobial proteins that provide innate defenses by interfering with viral infection Infected cells secrete interferons, which induce nearby uninfected cells to produce substances and inhibit viral reproduction Some white blood cells secrete interferons to activate macrophages | 17 | |
| 8776813932 | Complement System (Protein Cascade) | 30 proteins that circulate blood plasma Inactive until activated by substances on the surface of many microbes Activation results in a cascade of biochemical reactions, lysis of invading cells Inflammation | 18 | |
| 8776813933 | Inflammatory Response | Changes brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection that causes swelling (increased blood flow) | 19 | |
| 8776813934 | Histamine | Inflammatory signaling molecule Released at sites of damage, dilates blood vessels, permeates blood vessels | 20 | |
| 8776813935 | Mast Cells | Found in connective tissue Stores histamine in granules (vesicles) | 21 | |
| 8776813936 | Cytokines | Signaling molecules that enhance immune response by promoting blood flow to the site of infection/injury Produced by macrophages and neutrophils | 22 | |
| 8776813937 | Inflammation | Cycles of signaling and response Activated complement proteins promote histamine release, attracting more phagocytic cells to enter infected tissues Enhanced blood flow delivers more antimicrobial peptides Pus accumulates (rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, cell debris) Fever, meningitis, appendicitis, septic shock | 23 | |
| 8776813938 | Evasion of Innate Immunity by pathogens | Outer capsule interferes with molecular recognition Resist breakdown by lysosomes Hides from innate defenses | 24 | |
| 8776813939 | Lymphocytes | White blood cells T and B cells | 25 | |
| 8776813940 | Thymus | An organ in the thoracic cavity above the heart Lymphocytes mature into T Cells | 26 | |
| 8776813941 | B Cells | Lymphocytes that mature from bone marrow | 27 | |
| 8776813942 | 3rd Lymphocyte type | Natural Killer Remain in blood | 28 | |
| 8776813943 | Antigen | Any substance that elicits a response from a B Cell or T Cell | 29 | |
| 8776813944 | Antigen Receptor | A protein that binds to an antigen | 30 | |
| 8776813945 | Epitote | An antigenic determinant The small, accessible portion of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor Determines T/B cell specificity | 31 | |
| 8776813946 | B-Cell Antigen Receptor | Each B cell antigen is Y-Shaped (four polypeptide chains - two identical heavy chains, two identical light chains, with disulfide bridges) Transmembrane region near one end of a heavy chain anchors the receptor in the cell's plasma membrane) Short tail region at the end of the heavy chain extends into cytoplasma Variable regions bind to antigens (constant regions make up the rest) Bind to intact epitotes of intact antigens circulating in body fluids |  | 32 |
| 8776813947 | Variable Regions | Amino Acid sequence varies extensively from one B cell to another Specific binding | 33 | |
| 8776813948 | Antibody/Immunoglobulin (Ig) | A protein secreted when an antigen receptor binds to an antigen Y-Shaped organization May bind to antigens on surface of pathogens or free in body fluids | 34 | |
| 8776813949 | T Cell Antigen Receptor | Two different polypeptide chains (Alpha and Beta chain) linked by a disulfide bridge Transmembrane region anchors the receptor to plasma membrane Outer tip - Variable region Only bind to fragments of antigens displayed on the surface of host cells | 35 | |
| 8776813950 | MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Molecule | A host protein that displays the antigen gragment on the cell surface | 36 | |
| 8776813951 | Antigen Presentation | The display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein Pathogen or part of a pathogen is taken in by a host cell Enzymes cleave the antigen into smaller peptides (antigen fragments) MHC binds to fragments MHC moves to surface and presents antigen | 37 | |
| 8776813952 | B Cell and T Cell development | Diversit, self tolerance (lack of reactivity to self), cell proliferation, stronger secondary response | 38 | |
| 8776813953 | Generation of B and T Cell Diversity | Each person makes more than 1 mil diff. B Cell antigen receptors and 10 mil. different T Cell antigen receptors Recombinase enzyme linkas a light chain V gene seg. to one J (joining) seg. to form a single exon Rnadomly links any one of 40 V to any one of 5 J | 39 | |
| 8776813954 | Origin of Self Tolerance | Lymphocyte antigen receptors are tested for self-reactivity Those that are self reactive undergo apoptosis or rendered nonfunctional | 40 | |
| 8776813955 | Proliferation of B and T Cells; Clonal Selection | Binding of antigen receptor to epitote activates lymphocyte B/T cell then undergoes multiple cell divisions to produce clones | 41 | |
| 8776813956 | Effector Cells | Short lived cells that take effect immediately against the antigen or any pathogen producing that sntigen | 42 | |
| 8776813957 | Memory Cells | Long-lived cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered later in the animal's life | 43 | |
| 8776813958 | Primary Immune Response | Peaks 10-17 days after initial exposure Selected B and T cells give rise to effector and memory forms | 44 | |
| 8776813959 | Secondary Immune Response | Hallmark of adaptive immunity Peaks 2-7 days after exposure Faster, stronger, longer response Relies on reservoir of memory T and B cells generated following the initial exposure | 45 | |
| 8776813960 | Humoral Immune Response | Occurs in blood/lymph Antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in blood/lymph | 46 | |
| 8776813961 | Cell-Mediated immune response | Specialized T cells destroy infected host cells | 47 | |
| 8776813962 | Helper T-Cell | Triggers both humoral and cell-mediated immune response Do not carry out the responses themselves Signals the production of antibodies To activate adaptive immune responses, a foreign molecule must be present that can bind specifically to the antigen receptor of the T Cell AND the antigen must be displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell | 48 | |
| 8776813963 | Antigen-Presenting Cell | A dendritic cell, macrophage, or B Cell | 49 | |
| 8776813964 | What distinguishes an antigen-presenting cell? | Antigen-Presenting Cells can also be host cells Class I MHC - Body Cells Class I and Class II MHC - Antigen presenting cells Class II allows antigen presenting cells to be recognized | 50 | |
| 8776813965 | Helper T/Antigen-Presenting Cell Interaction | Antigen receptors on Helper T surface bind to specific epitote of an antigen frag. Accessory protein on helper T Cell attaches to Class II MHC (keeps them joined) Signals from cytokines are exchanges (antigen-presenting cell secrete cytokines to stimulate Helpter T, causing the Helpter T to produce cytokines) Helper T Cell proliferates (forms Activated Helpter T Cells) to stimulate cytotoxic T Cells B Cells present antigents to already activated helper T cells, which activates B Cells themselves | 51 | |
| 8776813966 | Cytotoxic T Cells | Cell-mediated immune response effector cells Requires signaling molecules from helper T and the interaction with a antigen-presenting cell to activate Frag. of foreign proteins produced in infected host cells associate with Class I MHC (recognized by cytotoxic T) Secrete proteins that disrupt membrane integrity and tirgger apoptosis Deprives pathogen of reproduction host and exposes them to antibodies | 52 | |
| 8776813967 | Activation of B Cells | Activation by antigen is aided by cytokine (secreted by helper T) Stimulated by antigen and cytokines, B Cells proliferate into memory and effector/plasma cells (secrete antibodies) | 53 | |
| 8776813968 | Antigen processing and display in B Cells | Presents only the antigen to which it specifically binds (magrophages/dendritic cells present fragments from a wide variety of protein antigens) Antigen binds to receptor on B Cell surface Receptor-mediated endocytosis, class II MHC protein then presents antigen frag to helpter T | 54 | |
| 8776813969 | B Cell Activation | Cell-to-cell contact between B cell and Helper T Cell 1000's of plasma cells produced (these stop expressing a membrane bound antigen receptor) and produce/secrete antibodies (2000/sec for 4-5 days) Antigens recognized by B cells contain multiple epitotes (single antigen, variety of B cells activated) | 55 | |
| 8776813970 | Antibody Function | Binds to entigens, marks pathogens for inactivation/destruction | 56 | |
| 8776813971 | Antibody Function - Neutralization | Antibodies bind to viral surface proteins Prevent infection of host cell, or recruits natural killer Bind to toxins released in body and prevent entrance | 57 | |
| 8776813972 | Antibody Function - Opsonization | Antibodies bound to antigens on bacteria present a readily recognized structure for macrophages or neutrophils Increase phagocytosis May link bacterial cells, virus particles, or other foreign substances into aggregates (each antibody has 2 binding sites) Positive feedback (antibodies increase phagocytosis, phagocytic cells present antigens, more B cells formed, more antibodies released) | 58 | |
| 8776813973 | Antibody Function - Membrane Attack Complex | Complement protein binds to antigen-antibody complex on a foreign cell (or enveloped virus) Complement system activates next protein Activated complement protein cascade generates membrane attack complex (forms pores in membrane of foreign cells, ions/water rush in, lysis) | 59 | |
| 8776813974 | Active Immunity | Defenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body and prompts a primary or secondary immune response | 60 | |
| 8776813975 | Passive Immunity | Antibodies provided by mother guard against pathogens that have never infected the newborn | 61 | |
| 8776813976 | Immunization/Vaccination | Introduction of antigens into the body used to induce adaptive immunity Antibodies from an immune animal are injected into nonimmune animal (artificial passive immunization) | 62 | |
| 8776813977 | Monoclonial Antibodies | Antibodies prepared from a single blone of B cells grown in a culture | 63 | |
| 8776813978 | Immune Rejection | Antigen receptors are not self-tolerant of a recipient's body cells (Immune system is health) | 64 | |
| 8776813979 | Blood Groups | Type A - A Carbohydrate, Anti-B Type B - B Carbohydrate, Anti-A Type AB - Both A and B carbohydrate, no antibody Type O - Neither, Anti-A and Anti-B | 65 | |
| 8776813980 | Tissue and Organ Transplants | MHC stimulate immune response Diversity of MHC | 66 | |
| 8776813981 | Allergies | Exaggerated (hypersentive) responses to certain antigens (allergens) | 67 | |
| 8776813982 | Autoimmune Disease | Immune system is active against particular molecules of the body Immune system is self-reactive Lupus - Antibodies vs histones and DNA (breakdown of body cells - skin rashes, fevers, arthritis, kidney dysfunction) Rheumatoid Arthritis - Damage and inflammation of joints/cartilage Type I Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin producing Beta cells of pancreas are destroyed by cytotoxic T Cells Multiple sclerosis - T cells infiltrate central nervous system and destroy myelin sheath | 68 | |
| 8776813983 | Immunodeficiency | An immune system response to antigens that is defective or absent | 69 | |
| 8776813984 | Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | HIV virus | 70 | |
| 8776813985 | Antigenic Variation | Changes in epitote expression Lessens recognition by immune system | 71 | |
| 8776813986 | Latency | Viruses enter an inactive state No proteins made, no free virus particles, adaptive immunity is not triggered | 72 | |
| 8776813987 | HIV | Infects helper T Cells, high mutation (antigenic variation) | 73 | |
| 8776813988 | Cancer | Cancer frequency increases dramatically when adaptive immunity is inactivated | 74 |
