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| 9277087345 | Nervous System | - Coordinates and controls bodily functions with nerves and electrical impulses - Composed of different types of nerve cells called neurons - Brain provides integrative power that underlies the complex behavior of vertebrates - The spinal cord integrates simple responses to certain kinds of stimuli and conveys information to and from the brain | 0 | |
| 9277087346 | Information Processing | - Sensory input, integration, motor output |  | 1 |
| 9277087347 | Central Nervous System | - Integrates and processes information from the body | 2 | |
| 9277087348 | Peripheral Nervous System | - Transmits information to and from the Central Nervous System - Contains sensory and motor division | 3 | |
| 9277087349 | Sensory Nervous System | - Sends signals to the Central Nervous System from receptors | 4 | |
| 9277087350 | Motor Nervous System | - Sends signals away from the Central Nervous System to the parts of the body - Can be separated into the Somatic Nervous system and the Autonomic Nervous System | 5 | |
| 9277087351 | Somatic Nervous System | - Carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntarily controlled | 6 | |
| 9277087352 | Autonomic Nervous System | : Involuntarily regulates the internal environment : Carries signals to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands : Divides into the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic divisions | 7 | |
| 9277087353 | Sympathetic Division | : "Fight or flight" response : Brings the body into a state of arousal | 8 | |
| 9277087354 | Parasympathetic Division | : Promotes a return to self-maintenance functions and resting and digesting : Brings the body from a state of arousal back to normal | 9 | |
| 9277087355 | Sensory Neurons | : Transmit information from sensory receptors to the Central Nervous System : Detects external stimuli and internal conditions | 10 | |
| 9277087356 | Interneurons | : Integrate the information in the Central Nervous System : This can be in the spinal cord or connect up to the brain | 11 | |
| 9277087357 | Motor Neurons | : Transmit information away from the Central Nervous System : Neurons communicate with effector organ (muscles and glands) | 12 | |
| 9277087358 | Reflex Arc | : Body's automatic response to a stimuli : Pathway includes-receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector organ : Much faster response compared to the typical stimulus-response transmission pathways ->does not involve the integration of the brain ->does not require conscious control | 13 | |
| 9277087396 | Neuron |  | 14 | |
| 9277087359 | Cell Body | : Contains the organelles | 15 | |
| 9277087360 | Dendrites | : Highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons |  | 16 |
| 9277087361 | Axon | : Cytoplasmic extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses : May be covered with Schwann cells |  | 17 |
| 9277087362 | Schwann Cells | : A fatty cell wrapped around the axon to form the myelin sheath |  | 18 |
| 9277087363 | Myelin Sheath | : A fatty covering on the axon that insulates it and speeds up the conducting process |  | 19 |
| 9277087364 | Nodes of Ranvier | : Space between the Schwann cells on the axon | | 20 |
| 9277087365 | Axon terminals | : Contains the vesicles of neurotransmitters |  | 21 |
| 9277087366 | Glia Cells | : Essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system and for the normal funciotning of neurons | 22 | |
| 9277087367 | Resting Membrane Potential | : The electrical potential difference that polarizes the membranes of neurons : The inside of the cell is negative (K+) relative to the outside, which is more positive (Na+) : When a neuron is not transmitting a signal : -70 mV : Depends on the ionic gradients that exist across the membrane ->Ion pumps and ion channels maintain this potential : The diffusion of potassium and sodium through these channels leads to a separation of charges across the membrane, producing the resting potential | 23 | |
| 9277087368 | Why is the charge -70 mV? | : Because there are more potassium (K+) channels open compared to sodium (Na+) and there are negative proteins inside the cell | 24 | |
| 9277087369 | Action Potential | : Gated ion channels open or close in response to the binding of a specific ligand or a voltage change ->Changes the membrane potential : Two different responses, both graded potentials (because the change in potential varies with the strength of the stimulus) ->Hyperpolarization ->Depolarization | 25 | |
| 9277087370 | Hyperpolarization | : An increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential (larger negative difference from inside to outside) |  | 26 |
| 9277087371 | Depolarization | : A reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential (move towards a positive difference from outside to inside) : A stimulus strong enough to produce a depolarization that reaches the threshold will trigger and action potential |  | 27 |
| 9277087372 | Threshold | : Membrane voltage amount needed to cause an action potential : -55 mV | 28 | |
| 9277087373 | Action Potential Steps | : A brief all-or-none depolarization of a neuron's plasma membrane that carries information along axons : Depolarization, Action Potential, Repolarization | 29 | |
| 9277087374 | Action Potential Steps: Depolarization | : Membrane sodium (Na+) channels open which allows sodium to diffuse into the cell : This causes the charge on the neuron membrane to change to positive inside and negative outside | 30 | |
| 9277087375 | Action Potential Steps: Action Potential | : Propagation of the signal is continued depolarization down the axon | 31 | |
| 9277087376 | Action Potential Steps: Repolarization | : As the action potential subsides, K+ channels open, and potassium flows out of the cell whcih changes the charge again on the membrane : Na/K pump restores the ion concentration differences with the use of ATP ->Returns to the resting membrane potential : A refractory period follows the action potential during which a second action potential cannot be initiated | 32 | |
| 9277087377 | Conduction of Action Potentials | : An action potential can travel long distances by regenerating itself along the axon : The opening of Na+ channels triggers the opening of even more channels : The speed of an action potential increases with the diameter of an axon | 33 | |
| 9277087378 | Saltatory Conduction | : A process when action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of Ranvier : Allows the signal to travel faster down the axon | 34 | |
| 9277087379 | Synapse | : Electrical-electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via gap junction : Chemical-a presynaptic neuron releases chemical neurotransmitters, which are stored in the synaptic terminal ->Neurotransmitters will travel through the synaptic cleft to bind the post-synaptic neuron : Calcium forces the neurotransmitters across the gap | 35 | |
| 9277087380 | Direct Synaptic Transmission | : Involves the binding of neurotransmitters to ligand-gated ion channels : Causes the ion channels to open, generating a postsynaptic potential (either excitatory or inhibitory) : After its release, the neurotransmitter diffuses out of the synaptic cleft (either taken backup or degraded by enzymes) | 36 | |
| 9277087381 | Neurotransmitters | : Chemical messengers that act on cells to create a response : Can produce different effects in different types of cells : Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, GABA | 37 | |
| 9277087382 | Acetylcholine | : Stimulates muscle contractions | 38 | |
| 9277087383 | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | : Fight or flight response | 39 | |
| 9277087384 | Dopamine and Serotonin | : Excitatory responses | 40 | |
| 9277087385 | GABA | : Represses neuron activity especially during fear or anxiety when neurons are overstimulated | 41 | |
| 9277087386 | Gray Matter | : No myelin sheath : Located outside in brain and inside in spinal cord | 42 | |
| 9277087387 | White Matter | : Has a myelin sheath : Located on outside in spinal cord and inside in brain | 43 | |
| 9277087388 | Brainstem | : Midbrain-contains centers for passing, ascending, and descending signals : Pons-controls breathing : Medulla oblongata-controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting | 44 | |
| 9277087389 | Cerebellum | : Important for coordination and balance : Also involved in earning and rememebering motor skills | 45 | |
| 9277087390 | Diencephalon | : Epithalamus-includes pineal gland (releases melatonin for sleep) : Thalamus-sends sensory and motor information to the cerebrum : Hypothalamus-regulates homeostasis (the four F's-feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing) | 46 | |
| 9277087391 | Cerebrum | : Centers for planning and learning : Analyzes sensory information | 47 | |
| 9277087392 | Limbic System | - Attach emotional "feelings" to survival-related functions | 48 |
