AP Biology Chapter 4 Need-to-know
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| 906697277 | Carbon has 4 valence electrons, so it can form covalent bonds with 4 other atoms | Explain how carbon's electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules (bullets 1-2) | 1 | |
| 906697278 | these covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds, but one carbon atom is limited to only 4 covalent bonds. it can bond with other carbon atoms and different atoms (H, O, N, P, S) to form long chains, ring shaped molecules, and branched/irregular shapes | Explain how carbon's electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules (Bullets 3-5) | 2 | |
| 906697279 | carbon skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings; carbon skeletons may include double bonds; atoms of other elements can be bonded to the atoms of the carbon skeleton | Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules | 3 | |
| 906697280 | isomer | compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different chemical properties | 4 | |
| 906697281 | structural isomer | have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms | 5 | |
| 906697282 | geometric isomer | have the same covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms around a carbon-carbon double bond | 6 | |
| 906697283 | enantiomers | molecules that are mirror images of each other | 7 | |
| 906697284 | Methyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphate | name the major functional groups found in an organic molecule | 8 | |
| 906697285 | methyl | H | C-H | H acts as a marker on organic molecules, nonpolar, not reactive; ex. acetic acid | 9 | |
| 906697286 | hydroxyl | -OH polar, it increases solubility of organic molecules; ex. alcohols, ethanol | 10 | |
| 906697287 | carbonyl | C=O polar, two types (aldehyde and ketone) | 11 | |
| 906697288 | aldehyde | if the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton, it is a(n) _____; ex. propanal | 12 | |
| 906697289 | ketone | if the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton, it is a(n) ______; ex. acetone | 13 | |
| 906697290 | amino | NH2 acts as a base, it picks of a hydrogen ion (H+) from the solution; ex. glycine | 14 | |
| 906697291 | carboxyl | O=C-OH acts as an acid because the combined electronegativities of the two adjacent oxygen atoms increase the chance of dissociation of hydrogen as an ion (H+); ex. acetic acid | 15 | |
| 906697292 | sulfhydryl | -SH two of these groups can interact to help stabilize the structure of proteins, it forms cross-bridges; ex. cysteine | 16 | |
| 906697293 | phosphate | -PO4 or -OPO3 important in energy transfer between organic molecules, is connects to the carbon backbone via one of its oxygen atoms, they are anions with 2 negative charges because 2 protons dissociate from the oxygen atoms; ex. glycerol phosphate | 17 | |
| 906697294 | amino | consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton, what functional group is this? | 18 | |
| 906697295 | sulfhydryl | consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen, resembles a hydroxyl group in shape, what functional group is this? | 19 | |
| 906697296 | phosphate | a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen; one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton; two oxygens carry negative charges; also, 1 oxygen double bonded to the phosphorus, and the 3 other oxygens single bonded; this group is an ionized form of a phosphoric acid group (-OPO3H2; note the two hydrogens); what functional group is this? | 20 | |
| 906697297 | methyl | consists of carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms; it may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom; what functional group is this? | 21 | |
| 906697298 | hydroxyl | a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule, (do not confuse this functional group with the hydroxide ion); what functional group is this? | 22 | |
| 906697299 | carbonyl | consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond; what functional group is this? | 23 | |
| 906697300 | carboxyl | when an atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom that is also bonded to an -OH group, the entire assembly of atoms is called a _______ group | 24 | |
| 906697301 | adenosine is attached to a string of three phosphate groups; when one inorganic phosphate ion is split off as a result of a reaction with water, ATP becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP); ATP "stores" the potential to react with water, releasing energy that can be used by the cell | Explain how ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells | 25 | |
| 906697302 | vitalism | the idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms; was disproved when chemists synthesized these compounds | 26 | |
| 906697303 | mechanism | the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws | 27 | |
| 906697304 | organic compounds | they range from simple molecules to colossal ones; most of them contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms | 28 | |
| 906697305 | atmosphere; Earth; sea water; early atmosphere; lightening; amino acids; reducing; organic molecules | in miller and urey's experiment, the created an early ________ of early _______; they tested the experiment by using ______ _______; the sea water was heated and it went into a flask that held the ____ _______, which constituted ammonia, methane, and hydrogen. they then had ______ rods in it; the atmosphere was than cooled and they found various ___ ____; the purpose of this experiment was to see if a(n) _______ atmosphere can produce _____ _____ | 29 | |
| 906697306 | hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen; many organic molecules, such as fats, have these; they can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy | 30 |
