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| 6109384907 | Hydroxyl Group | -is polar due to electronegative oxygen. -forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars. -compound name: alcohol (specific name usually ends in -ol) |  | 0 |
| 6109384908 | Carbonyl Group | -sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses. -compound name: ketone (carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton) |  | 1 |
| 6109384909 | Carboxyl Group | -acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. -compound name: carboxylic acid, or organic acid |  | 2 |
| 6109384910 | Amino Group | -acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms) -compound name: amine |  | 3 |
| 6109384911 | Sulfhydryl Group | -two--SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure. -hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or curliness of hair; in hair salons, permanent treatments break cross-links, then re-form them while the hair is in the desired shape. -compound name: thiol |  | 4 |
| 6109384912 | Phosphate Group | -contributes negative charge (1 - when positioned inside a chain of phosphates; 2 - when at the end) -when attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy. -compound name: organic phosphate |  | 5 |
| 6109384913 | Methyl Group | -affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. -affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones. -compound name: methylated compound |  | 6 |
| 6109384914 | Hydrocarbons | -molecules with H and C -not in most living things -a component of macromolecules (such as lipids) -nonpolar -release large amounts of energy when involved in reactions |  | 7 |
| 6109384915 | Isomers | -compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and proteins |  | 8 |
| 6109384916 | Types of Isomers | -structural -cis-trans -enantiomers | 9 | |
| 6109384917 | Structural Isomers | -isomers that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms... aka same structure different arrangement | 10 | |
| 6109384918 | Cis-Trans Isomers | -isomers that have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements... aka same formula, different positioning around a double bond | 11 | |
| 6109384919 | Enantiomers | -same formula, mirror image positioning around a central carbon -biological systems tend to use only one of any two of this form -all cells use D-sugars, and L-amino acids | 12 | |
| 6109384920 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | -the potential to react with water, a reaction that releases energy to be used by the cell | 13 | |
| 6109384921 | Functional Groups | -the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions | 14 |
