AP Biology: Chapter 4 Vocabulary
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| 1306089158 | Cell | The smallest unit of living matter. | 0 | |
| 1306089159 | Cell Theory | One of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells. | 1 | |
| 1306089160 | Surface-Area-To-Volume-Ratio | Ratio of a cells outside area to its internal volume. | 2 | |
| 1306089161 | Prokaryotic Cells | Cells that generally lack a membrane bound nucleus. | 3 | |
| 1306089162 | Eukaryotic Cells | Type of cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and membranous organelles. | 4 | |
| 1306089163 | Archaens | Prokaryotic organisms that are members of the domain Archea. | 5 | |
| 1306089164 | Spirilla | Long, rod shaped bacterium that is twisted into a ridged spiral. | 6 | |
| 1306089165 | Spirochetes | Long, rod shaped bacterium that is twisted into a flexible spiral. | 7 | |
| 1306089166 | Cell Envelope | In a prokaryotic cell, the portion composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx. | 8 | |
| 1306089168 | Plasma Membrane | Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. | 9 | |
| 1306089169 | Mesosomes | In a bacterium, plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area. | 10 | |
| 1306089170 | Cell Wall | Cellular structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacteria cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity. | 11 | |
| 1306089171 | Bacillus | A rod shaped bacterium. | 12 | |
| 1306089172 | Coccus | A spherical shaped bacterium. | 13 | |
| 1306089173 | Glycocalyx | Gel-like coating outside of the cell wall of a bacterium. | 14 | |
| 1306089174 | Capsule | A form of glycocalyx that consists of a gelatinous layer. | 15 | |
| 1306089175 | Cytoplasm | Region of a cell between the nucleus, or the nucleiod of the region of a bacterium, and the plasma membrane. | 16 | |
| 1306089176 | Nucleoid | Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located. | 17 | |
| 1306089177 | Plasmids | Extrachromosmal ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. | 18 | |
| 1309182527 | Vector | In genetic engineering, a means to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell. | 19 | |
| 1309182528 | Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis in a cell. | 20 | |
| 1309182529 | Cyanobacteria | Photosynthetic bacterium that contains chlorophyll and releases oxygen. | 21 | |
| 1309182530 | Thylakoid | Flattened sac within a granum of a chloroplast. | 22 | |
| 1309182531 | Flagella | Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm. | 23 | |
| 1309182532 | Fimbriae | Small, bristle like fiber on the surface of a bacterial cell, which attaches bacteria to a surface. | 24 | |
| 1309182533 | Conjugation Pili | In a bacterium, elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells. | 25 | |
| 1309182534 | Endosymbiotic Theory | Explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes. | 26 | |
| 1309182535 | Organelles | Small, membranous structures in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function. | 27 | |
| 1309182536 | Vesicles | Small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell. | 28 | |
| 1309182537 | Cytoskeleton | Internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. | 29 | |
| 1309182538 | Chromatin | Network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed within a nucleus of a cell. | 30 | |
| 1309182539 | Nucleoplasm | Semifluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin. | 31 | |
| 1309182540 | Chromosomes | The structure that transmits the genetic material from one generation to the next. | 32 | |
| 1309182541 | Genes | Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosome. | 33 | |
| 1309182542 | Nucleolus | Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits. | 34 | |
| 1309182543 | Nuclear Envelope | Name for the phospholipid double membrane that separates the contents of the nuceus from the cytoplasm. | 35 | |
| 1309182544 | Nuclear Pores | Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus. | 36 | |
| 1309182545 | Polyribosomes | String of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis. | 37 | |
| 1309182546 | Signal Peptide | Sequence of amino acids that binds with a signal recognition particle (SRP) endoplasmic reticulum. | 38 | |
| 1309182547 | Endomembrane System | Cellular system that consists of the nuclear envalope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and vesicles. | 39 | |
| 1309182548 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes. | 40 | |
| 1309182549 | Rough ER | Membranous system studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins. | 41 | |
| 1309182550 | Smooth ER | Membranous system that lacks ribosomes, and synthesizes lipid molecules. | 42 | |
| 1309182551 | Golgi Apparatus | Organelle consisting of sacs and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell. | 43 | |
| 1309182552 | Secretion | Release of a substance by exocytosis from a cell. | 44 | |
| 1309182553 | Lysosomes | Membrane bound vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules and bacteria. | 45 | |
| 1309182554 | Peroxisomes | Enzyme filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products. | 46 | |
| 1309182555 | Vacuoles | Membrane bound sac, larger than a vesicle. | 47 | |
| 1309182556 | Central Vacuole | In a plant cell, a large, fluid filled sac that stores metabolites. | 48 | |
| 1309182557 | Chloroplasts | Membrane bound organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids. | 49 | |
| 1309182558 | Mitochondria | Membrane bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration. | 50 | |
| 1309182559 | Stroma | Region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana. | 51 | |
| 1309182560 | Thylakoids | Flattened sac within a granum of a chloroplast. | 52 | |
| 1309182561 | Granum | Stack of chlorophyll containing thylakoids in a chloroplast. | 53 | |
| 1309182562 | Plastids | Organelles of plants and algae that are bounded by a double membrane and contain internal membrane and/or vesicles. | 54 | |
| 1309182563 | Chromoplasts | Plastid in land plants responsible for orange, yellow, and red color of plants, including the autumn colors in leaves. | 55 | |
| 1309182564 | Leucoplasts | Plastid, generally colorless, that synthesizes and stores starches and oils. | 56 | |
| 1309182565 | Cristae | Short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria. | 57 | |
| 1309182566 | Matrix | Unstructured semi-fluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles. | 58 | |
| 1322556311 | Actin Filaments | Component of the cytoskeleton, moves cells and its oranelles. | 59 | |
| 1322556312 | Motor Molecules | Protein that moves along either actin filaments or microtubules, and translocates organelles. | 60 | |
| 1322556313 | Intermediate Filaments | Ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells. | 61 | |
| 1322556314 | Microtubule | Small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core. | 62 | |
| 1322556315 | Centrosome | Central microtubule organizing center of cells. | 63 | |
| 1322556316 | Centrioles | Cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division. | 64 | |
| 1322556317 | Basal Body | A cytoplasmic structure that is located at the base of, and may organize, cilia or flagella. | 65 |
