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| the study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size. | ||
| a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area. | ||
| the number of individuals per unit area or volume. | ||
| the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population | ||
| a sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations. the researchers place traps within the boundaries of the population under study. Captured animals are marked with tags, collars, bands, or spots of dye, and then released. After a few days or weeks--enough time for the marked individuals to mix with unmarked members of the population--traps are set again. This second capture yields both marked and unmarked individuals. From this data, researchers can estimate the total number or individuals in the population. | ||
| the influx of new individuals from other areas. | ||
| the movement of individuals out of a population. | ||
| the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by toher individuals. | ||
| a pattern of dispersion in which animals live in goups to increase the hunting, spreads the work or protecting and caring for young, and helps exclude other individuals from their territory. (wolves, for example) | ||
| a pattern of dispersion in which animals are uniformly spaced out, evenly. (penguins, for example) | ||
| a pattern of dispersion in which animals are randomly spread. (dandelions, for example) | ||
| the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time. | ||
| age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population. | ||
| a group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead. | ||
| a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age. | ||
| age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population. | ||
| the traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival (from birth through reproduction to death) make up its _______ | ||
| also called semelparity;"one-shot" pattern of reproducing many offspring and then dying. | ||
| also called big-bang reproduction; "one-shot" pattern of reproducing many offspring and then dying. | ||
| repeated reproduction | ||
| the number of offspring produced per unit time by an average member of the population. | ||
| represents population size | ||
| represents time | ||
| number of births during the time interval | ||
| number of deaths during the time interval | ||
| symbolized as m, for mortality. Allows us to calculate the expected number of deaths per unit time in a population of any size. | ||
| occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal (r=0). Births and deaths still occur in such a population, but they balance each other exactly. | ||
| (r) the difference between the per capita birth rate and the per capita death rate. | ||
| also known as geometric population growth. population increase under ideal conditions such as all members have access to abundant food and are free to reproduce at their physiological capacity. | ||
| under ideal conditions, the per capita rate of increase may assume the maximum rate for the species. | ||
| (K) the maximum population size that a particular environment can support. | ||
| the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached. | ||
| selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density, or density dependent selection. Maximizes population size and operates in populations living at a density near the limit imposed by their resources. | ||
| selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments (low densities). Tends to maximize the rate of increase, and occurs in environments in which population densities flucuate well below carrying capacity or individuals are likely to face little competition. | ||
| When a birth rate or death rate that does not change with population density is said to be _______ | ||
| When a death rate rises as population density rises, the population is said to be _______, as is a birth rate that falls with rising density. | ||
| focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors taht cause variation in population size. | ||
| when a group of populations is linked, it forms a ________ | ||
| the movement from (Zero population growth= high birth rate-high death rate) to (Zero population growth= low birth rate-low death rate) | ||
| the relative number of individuals of each age. (typically used for countries) | ||
| the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births | ||
| the predicted average length of life at birth | ||
| this concept summarizes the aggregate land and water area appropriated by each nation to produce all the resouces it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates. | ||
| the actual resouce base of each country |
