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AP Biology Chapter 53 Flashcards

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7855474015PopulationA group of individuals in a species living in the same general area -same resources -similar env'tal factors -interact/breed with each other0
7860730886Density# individuals per unit area or volume1
7860731703DispersionPattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population2
7860732896Mark-recapture methodMark animals with tag or other system so they are recognized when captured again; a sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations N = (s*n)/x Estimated population size = (# marked individuals in first sample * total # in second sample) / # marked in second sample3
7860790415ImmigrationThe influx of new individuals from other areas4
7860793133EmigrationMovement of individuals out of a population and into other locations5
7860798031Patterns of dispersionClumped: most common; grouped where food is abundant or in relation to mating behavior (patches) Uniform: same amount of spacing between individuals Random: no pattern/arrangement6
7860806973TerritorialityThe defense of a bounded physical space against other individuals7
7860810692DemographyThe study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time -Birth/death rates8
7860812032Life tablesAge-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population9
7860818132CohortA group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead10
7860820853Survivorship curveA plot of the proportion/numbers in a cohort that are still alive at certain ages Ideal chart is shown in image11
7860851924Reproductive tableAge-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population -measuring reproductive output from birth to death -high reproductive rates will not lead to rapid pop. growth unless conditions are near ideal for the growth/survival of offspring12
7861178998Equations to knowdN/dt = bN- dN (dN= change in pop size, dt = time, bN = per capita birth rate, dN= per capita death rate) *used for a discrete/fixed time interval r = b - m (r= per capita rate of increase)13
7861189553Zero population growth (ZPG)Occurs when birth and death rates are equal (r=0)14
7861192235Exponential population growthPopulation increase under ideal conditions (access to abundant food/free to reproduce at physiological capacity) dN/dt = rmax*N (rmax = maximum rate of increase for the species) J-shaped growth curve15
7861197307Carrying capacity, KThe maximum population size that a particular env't can sustain -limiting factors to growth can be: energy, shelter, predators, nutrient availability, water16
7861227078Logistic population growthThe per capita rate of increase approaches 0 as the carrying capacity is reached As N increases, r decreases dN/dt = rmax*N*((K-N)/K) When N is small compared to K, (K-N)/K is close to 1, and the per capita rate of increase (r) approaches its max When N is large and resources are limiting, (K-N)/K is close to 0 and r is small N=k; population stops growing *population growth rate is highest at 1/2K17
7861271941Allee effectIndividuals may have a more difficult time reproducing if the population size is too small18
7861521558Life historyMade up of traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival. 1) Age when reproduction begins (first reproduction or maturity) 2) How often the organism reproduces 3) Number of offspring produced per reproductive episode19
7861527730SemelparityCondition of having a single reproductive effort in a lifetime (large number of offspring produced at once)20
7861528536IteroparityReproduction in which adults produce offspring over many years; repeated reproduction.21
7861535161What factors contribute to the evolution of semelparity vs. iteroparity?The survival rate of the offspring The likelihood that the adult will survive to reproduce again22
7861545333K-selectionDensity-dependent selection -Selection for traits that are sensitive to population density are favored at high densities Carrying capacity almost reached; small fluctuations23
7861548746r-selectionSelection for traits that maximize reproductive success in low density env'ts (density independent) Carrying capacity not reached; large bust/boom24
7861654206Density independentA birth or death rate that does not change with population density25
7861654207Density dependentA death rate that rises/birth rate that falls when population density increases *At equilibrium density (Q) birth and death rates are equal26
7861699758Mechanisms of density-dependent regulationCompetition for resources Predation Toxic wastes Intrinsic factors Territoriality Disease27
7861755888Population dynamicsLong-term data for populations that show fluctuation in size (from year to year/place to place) -Influenced by many factors and affect other species28
7861772498MetapopulationWhen a number of local populations are linked29
7861794193Demographic transitionThe movement between high birth and death rates toward low birth and death rates -Tends to accompany industrialization/improved living conditions30
7861799565Age structureThe relative number of individuals of each age in the population31
7861807433Ecological footprintThe amount of biologically productive land and water needed to support a person or population.32

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