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AP Biology Chapter 54 Flashcards

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5035908255CommunityA group of populations of different species living close enough to interact0
5035908256Interspecific interactionsInteractions with individuals of other species in the community1
5035908257Interspecific competition(-/-) interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survivial2
5035908258Competitive ExclusionA slight reproductive advantage (use resources efficiently) of one species will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor3
5035908259(Ecological) NicheThe sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment (role) (Space, Food, Location, Breeding)4
5035908260Relationship between coexistence and nichesTwo species CANNOT coexist if they have identical niches, but they CAN coexist if they find significant differences in their niches5
5035908261Resource partitioningDifferentiation of species that allows similar species to coexist in a community6
5035908262Fundamental nicheNiche that could be potential occupied by a species7
5035908263Realized nicheThe portion of its niche a species actually occupies8
5035908264AllopatricGeographically separate9
5035908265SympatricGeographically overlapping10
5035908266Character displacementCharacteristics typically diverge more in geographically overlapping regions than in separated regions11
5035908267Predation(+/-) Predator/Prey12
5035908268Predator SensesHeat-sensing, smell, sight, claws, venom13
5035908269Prey ProtectionHiding, Fleeing, Herding, Alarm calls14
5035908270Aposematic ColorationWarning Coloration/ Effective chemical defense system15
5035908271Cryptic ColorationCamouflage16
5035908272Batesian mimicryHarmless species can mimic a harmful species17
5035908273Mullerian mimicryTwo or more harmful species resemble each other, warns off predators18
5035908274Predator mimicryPredator poses to be harmless19
5035908275Herbivory(+/-) Organism eats parts of plants or algae20
5035908276Herbivore adaptationChemical sensor, smell, specialized teeth, specialized digestion21
5035908277Plant DefensePoison, bad taste22
5035908278SymbiosisWhen individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another23
5035908279Parasitism(+/-) Parasite organism derives nutrients from host organism, and the host organism is harmed24
5035908280EndoparasitesParasites that live in the body of their hosts25
5035908281EctoparasitesParasites that feed on the external surface of a host26
5035908282Parasite BehvaiorSometimes require multiple hosts, change behavior of hosts27
5035908283Mutualism(+/+) Interspecific interaction that benefits both species28
5035908284Obligate mutualismOne of the species in the interaction has lost the ability to survive on its own29
5035908285Facultative MutualismBoth species can survive alone30
5035908286Commensalism(+/0) Interaction that benefits one species but has no effect on the other31
5035908287FacilitationSpecies have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without necessarily in a symbiosis32
5035908288Species DiversityVariety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community33
5035908289Species richnessNumber of different species int he communtiy34
5035908290Relative abundanceThe proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community35
5035908291Shannon diversityA way to calculate indexes of diversity36
5035908292Why is it hard to determine the number and relative abundance of species in a communityMost species in a community are relatively rare, micro, and hard to identify37
5035908293BiomassThe total mass of all organisms in a habitat38
5035908294Invasive SpeciesOrganisms that become established outside their native range39
5035908295Trophic StructureThe feeding relationships between organisms in a community (food energy)40
5035908296Food ChainTROPHIC LEVELS: Producers (Autotrophs)-> Consumers-> Decomposers, shows an interwoven flow of energy41
5035908297Food WebFood Chains linked together, overlapping parts, shows the flow of energy42
5035908298What is the highest number of links on the typical food webNo more than 543
5035908299Energetic HypothesisAims to explain why food chains are short by saying that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain44
5035908300Dominant speciesSpecies in a community that are most abundant- thus play the biggest role (even trees)45
5035908301Keystone speciesNot usually overly abundant, but play a pivotal ecological role for the community46
5035908302Ecosystem engineersSpecies that dramatic alter their environment47
5035908303Bottom-up modelUnidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels N->V->H->P N=nutrients V=plants (vegetation) H=herbivores P=predators48
5035908304Top-down model (trophic cascade)Suggests that predation controls community organization because predators limit herbivores and so on N<-V<-H<-P N=nutrients V=plants (vegetation) H=herbivores P=predators49
5035908305BiomanipulationUsing the top-down model to improve the environment (purify lakes)50
5035908306Balance of nature viewBiological Communities are at an equilibrium and interspecific competition determines community composition and stability51
5035908307StabilityA community's tendency to reach and maintain a relatively constant composition of species52
5035908308Climax communityA community controlled and kept stable solely by predictable climate53
5035908309Disturbancean event such as a storm, fire, flood, drought, or human activity that changes a community by removing organisms or resource availability54
5035908310Nonequillibrium modelDescribes most communities as constantly changing after a disturbance55
5035908311Intermediate disturbance hypothesisModerate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than do high or low levels of disturbance56
5035908312What is the norm for most communities in terms of equillibriumNonequillibrium57
5035908313Ecological successionDisturbed areas gradually replaced by different species and then replaced by other species and so on58
5035908314Primary successionWhen species first colonize a disturbed area (usually prokaryotes and protists)59
5035908315Secondary successionAn existing community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intact- which then allows the area to return to something similar to its original state60
5035908316TropicsWhere is plant and animal life generally more abundant compared with the rest of the globe?61
5035908317Species richness in a community may occur over time as what occurs?Speciation62
5035908318EvapotransportationThe evaporation of water from soil and plants63
5035908319Potential evapotransportationMeasures potential water loss that assumes water is readily available64
5035908320Species-area curveDescribes patterns of species richness65
5035908321Species area relationshipS is the number of species found in a habitat, A is the area of the habitat, and z tells you how many more species should be found in a habitat was area increases66
5035908322Island equillibriumIt is better to study equillibrium on islands because of their isolation and manageable size67
5035908323Two factors that determine the number of species on islandsRate of immigration of new species, rate of extinction of species68
5035908324Island equilibrium modelPredicts that an equilibrium will be reached when the rate of species immigration equals the rate of extinction69
5035908325PathogensDisease-causing microorganisms, viruses, viroids, or prions70
5035908326Zoonotic pathogensCause 3/4 of emerging human diseases and many of the most devastating diseases-- pathogens transferred to humans from animals71
5035908327VectorOrganism serves as an intermediate species between an infected animal and a human (lice, ticks, mosquitos)72
5035908328How much energy is transferred between the links of a food chain?10% (Ten Percent) (Energy is lost from one trophic level to the next)73
5035908329What happens to the other 90% of energy not transferred from trophic levelsLost as heat, motion, maintaining life74
5035908330How much energy starts with the autotroph?100% (One Hundred Percent)75

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