Chapter 5 of Campbell AP Biology 9th Edition Textbook.
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| 457377113 | polymers | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks lined by covalent bonds | |
| 457377114 | monomers | the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of polymer | |
| 457377115 | dehydration reaction | synthesizing a polymer; REMOVES a water molecule | |
| 457377116 | hydrolysis | breaking down a polymer; ADDS a water molecule | |
| 457377117 | monosaccharides | the simplest carbohydrates (simple sugars) | |
| 457377118 | three hexose monosaccharides | glucose, galactose, and fructose (energy sources for organisms) | |
| 457377119 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a DEHYDRATION REACTION | |
| 457377120 | polysaccharides | polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES | |
| 457377121 | two STORAGE polysaccharides | starch (PLANTS store starch, a polymer of glucose monomers) and glycogen (HUMANS store glycogen, mainly in liver and muscle cells) | |
| 457377122 | two STRUCTURAL polysaccharides | cellulose (major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells) and chitin (the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons) | |
| 457377123 | lipids | a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules | |
| 457377124 | why are lipids grouped together? | they mix poorly, if at all, with water | |
| 457377125 | what are the building blocks of fats? | GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS | |
| 457377126 | saturated fats | no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain | |
| 457377127 | unsaturated fats | one or more double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain | |
| 457377128 | how would you recognize a basic steroid molecule? | they are LIPIDS that are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of FOUR fused rings | |
| 457377129 | polypeptides | polymers of amino acids | |
| 457377130 | protein | molecule that consists of one or more POLYPEPTIDES | |
| 457377131 | enzymatic proteins (1st type or protein) | selective acceleration of chemical reactions | |
| 457377132 | storage proteins (2nd type of protein) | storage of amino acids | |
| 457377133 | hormonal proteins (3rd type of protein) | coordination of an organism's activities | |
| 457377134 | contractile and motor proteins (4th type of protein) | movement | |
| 457377135 | defensive proteins (5th type of protein) | protection against disease | |
| 457377136 | transport proteins (6th type of protein) | transport of substances | |
| 457377137 | receptor proteins (7th type of protein) | response of cell to chemical stimuli | |
| 457377138 | structural proteins (8th type of protein) | structural support | |
| 457377139 | polymers of proteins | PEPTIDE BONDS | |
| 457377140 | monomers of proteins | AMINO ACIDS | |
| 457377141 | Primary level (1st level of protein structure) | linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence | |
| 457377142 | Secondary level (2nd level of protein structure) | segments of a protein's POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS repeatedly coiled or folded in patters that contribute to the protein's overall shape | |
| 457377143 | Tertiary level (3rd level of protein structure) | overall shape of a POLYPEPTIDE resulting from interactions between the side chains of various amino acids | |
| 457377144 | Quaternary level (4th level of protein structure) | overall PROTEIN STRUCTURE that results from the aggregation of these POLYPEPTIDE SUBUNITS | |
| 457377145 | denaturation | when a protein loses its native shape from unraveling, making it biologically INACTIVE | |
| 457377146 | chaperonins | protein molecules that assist in proper FOLDING of other proteins | |
| 457377147 | nucleic acids | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) | |
| 457377148 | what are the roles of nucleic acids? | they enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next | |
| 457377149 | nucleotides | composed of three parts: a nitrogen-containing (NITROGENOUS) base, a five-carbon sugar (PENTOSE), and one or more PHOSPHATE GROUPS |
