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| 10411886360 | Alpha Helix | A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains). | 0 | |
| 10411887392 | Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. | 1 | |
| 10411887691 | Amino Group | A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+ | 2 | |
| 10411888625 | Antiparallel | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5′ to 3′ directions). | 3 | |
| 10411888977 | Beta Pleated Sheets | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains). | 4 | |
| 10411888978 | Carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). | 5 | |
| 10411890006 | Catalyst | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 6 | |
| 10411891013 | Cellulose | A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages | 7 | |
| 10411891014 | Chaperonin | A protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins. | 8 | |
| 10411891395 | Chitin | A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. | 9 | |
| 10411891901 | Cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones. | 10 | |
| 10411892317 | Dehydration Reaction | A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. | 11 | |
| 10411893192 | Denaturation | In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. | 12 | |
| 10411894030 | Deoxyribonucleic Acid | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. | 13 | |
| 10411894839 | Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. | 14 | |
| 10411896046 | Disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction. | 15 | |
| 10411898124 | Disulfide Bridge | A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer. | 16 | |
| 10411898478 | Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. | 17 | |
| 10411898479 | Enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. | 18 | |
| 10411898869 | Fat | A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. | 19 | |
| 10411901164 | Fatty Acid | A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called triacylglycerol or triglyceride. | 20 | |
| 10411901165 | Gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). | 21 | |
| 10411901770 | Gene Expression | The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. | 22 | |
| 10411905062 | Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 23 | |
| 10411907382 | Glycosidic Linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. | 24 | |
| 10411907383 | Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers. | 25 | |
| 10411909604 | Hydrophobic | Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. | 26 | |
| 10411909605 | Hydrophobic Interaction | A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. | 27 | |
| 10411914580 | Lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. | 28 | |
| 10411915329 | Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. | 29 | |
| 10411915335 | Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. | 30 | |
| 10411916076 | Monosaccharide | The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. | 31 | |
| 10411918842 | Nucleic Acid | A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. | 32 | |
| 10411920237 | Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups | 33 | |
| 10411923389 | Peptide Bond | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. | 34 | |
| 10411926501 | Phosopholipid | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. | 35 | |
| 10411926502 | Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. | 36 | |
| 10411927164 | Polynucleotide | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA. | 37 | |
| 10411928012 | Polysaccharide | A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. | 38 | |
| 10411928444 | Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. | 39 | |
| 10411928445 | Protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. | 40 | |
| 10411928766 | Proteomics | The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions. | 41 | |
| 10411929894 | Purine | One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. | 42 | |
| 10411930530 | Pyrimidine | One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. | 43 | |
| 10411933067 | Quaternary Structure | The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. | 44 | |
| 10411933480 | Ribonucleic Acid | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, in gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses. | 45 | |
| 10411935569 | Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. | 46 | |
| 10411936623 | Saturated Fatty Acid | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. | 47 | |
| 10411937163 | Secondary Structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). | 48 | |
| 10411939152 | Sickle-Cell Disease | A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals. | 49 | |
| 10411939153 | Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages. | 50 | |
| 10411943367 | Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. | 51 | |
| 10411943368 | Trans fat | An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds. | 52 | |
| 10411943948 | Unsaturated Fatty Acid | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. | 53 | |
| 10411944461 | X-Ray Crystallography | A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule. | 54 |
