Chapter Five: Macromolecules
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| 200799181 | macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction; includes carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids | 0 | |
| 200799182 | polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar of idenitcal monomers linked together | 1 | |
| 200799183 | monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer | 2 | |
| 200799184 | condensation reaction | a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water | 3 | |
| 200799185 | dehydration reaction | a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule | 4 | |
| 200799186 | enzyme | a protein serving as a catalyst (a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction) | 5 | |
| 200799187 | hydrolysis | a chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion | 6 | |
| 200799188 | carbohydrates | a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharaide) or polymers (polysaccharide) | 7 | |
| 200799189 | monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides; also know as simple sugars that generally have the molecule formula of some multiple of CH20 | 8 | |
| 200799190 | disaccharide | a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction | 9 | |
| 200799191 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | 10 | |
| 200799192 | polysaccharide | a polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions | 11 | |
| 200799193 | starch | a storage polymer in plants consisting entirely of glucose | 12 | |
| 200799194 | glycogen | an extensivly branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle cells of animals; the animal equivalent of starch | 13 | |
| 200799195 | cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages | 14 | |
| 200799196 | lipids | one of a family compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water | 15 | |
| 200799197 | fat | a form of a lipid, constructed from glycerol and fatty acids | 16 | |
| 200799198 | fatty acid | a long carbon chain carboxylic acid; vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three of them linked to a glycerol molecule form fat | 17 | |
| 200799199 | triacylglycerol | three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | 18 | |
| 200799200 | saturated fatty acid | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds | 19 | |
| 200799201 | unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail | 20 | |
| 200799202 | trans fats | unsaturated fats with "trans" double bonds | 21 | |
| 200799203 | steroids | a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached | 22 | |
| 200799204 | cholesterol | a steroid that forms an essential componet of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for synthesis of other biologically important steroids | 23 | |
| 200799205 | catalyst | a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | 24 | |
| 200799206 | polypeptide | a polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds | 25 | |
| 200799207 | protein | a three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids | 26 | |
| 200799208 | amino acid | an organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups; serve as the monomers of proteins | 27 | |
| 200799209 | peptide bond | a covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction | 28 | |
| 200799210 | denaturation | a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive | 29 | |
| 200799211 | chaperonin | protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins | 30 | |
| 200799212 | x-ray crystallography | a technique that depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of a molecule | 31 | |
| 200799213 | gene | a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA | 32 | |
| 200799214 | nucleic acid | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities; two types include DNA and RNA | 33 | |
| 200799215 | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins | 34 | |
| 200799216 | ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses | 35 | |
| 200799217 | polynucleotide | polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities; the two types are DNA and RNA | 36 | |
| 200799218 | pyrimidine | one of two families of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides that has a single six-membered ring and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil | 37 | |
| 200799219 | purine | one of the two families of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides that has a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring and includes adnenine and guanine | 38 | |
| 200799220 | ribose | the sugar componet of RNA | 39 | |
| 200799222 | deoxyribose | the sugar componet of DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose | 40 | |
| 200799224 | double helix | the form of native DNA, referring to its adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape | 41 | |
| 200799226 | antiparallel | in the DNA double helix, the two backbones run in opposite directions from each other | 42 |
