Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 10.
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| 4882441352 | photosynthesis | conversion of light energy and water into chemical energy | 0 | |
| 4882441353 | autotrophs | organisms which sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms | 1 | |
| 4882441354 | heterotrophs | organisms which obtain compounds produced by other organisms | 2 | |
| 4882441355 | chlorophyll | the green pigment located within the chloroplasts, responsible for the green color of leaves | 3 | |
| 4882441356 | mesophyll | the tissue in the interior of the leaf | 4 | |
| 4882441357 | stroma | the dense fluid within the chloroplast | 5 | |
| 4882441358 | thylakoids | an elaborate system of interconnected membranous sacs which are stacked in columns called grana | 6 | |
| 4882441359 | light reactions | occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen | 7 | |
| 4882441360 | calvin cycle | fixates atmospheric CO2 and reduces the fixed carbon into a carbohydrate | 8 | |
| 4882441361 | NADP+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron carrier which is cousin of NAD+ which is used in cellular respiration | 9 | |
| 4882441362 | photophosphorylation | use of chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP | 10 | |
| 4882441363 | wavelength | the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves | 11 | |
| 4882441364 | electromagnetic spectrum | the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer | 12 | |
| 4882441365 | visible light | the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum from 380 nm to 750 nm which the human eye can detect | 13 | |
| 4882441366 | photon | a discrete quantity of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle | 14 | |
| 4882441367 | spectrophotometer | device which measures the ability of pigments to absorb wavelengths of light | 15 | |
| 4882441368 | absorption spectrum | a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength | 16 | |
| 4882441369 | chlorophyll a | photosynthetic pigment which participates directly in the light reactions to convert solar energy to chemical energy | 17 | |
| 4882441370 | action spectrum | profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving photosynthesis | 18 | |
| 4882441371 | chlorophyll b | accessory photosynthetic pigment which transfers energy to chlorophyll b | 19 | |
| 4882441372 | carotenoid | accessory pigment which absorbs wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, thus broadening the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis | 20 | |
| 4882441373 | photosystem | light-capturing unit in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes | 21 | |
| 4882441374 | reaction-center complex | complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor, triggers light reactions of photosynthesis by donating an electron to an ETC | 22 | |
| 4882441375 | light-harvesting complex | a complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules which captures light energy and transfers it to a reaction-center pigments in a photosystem | 23 | |
| 4882441376 | primary electron acceptor | a molecule in the reaction-center complex which is capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced | 24 | |
| 4882441377 | photosystem II | light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, reaction center is two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a | 25 | |
| 4882441378 | photosystem I | light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, reaction center is two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a | 26 | |
| 4882441379 | linear electron flow | a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis, involves both photosystems I and II, produces ATP, NADPH, and O2 | 27 | |
| 4882441380 | cyclic electron flow | route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis, involves only photosystem I, produces ATP but not NADPH or O2 | 28 | |
| 4882441381 | G3P | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a three-carbon sugar produced directly from the Calvin cycle | 29 | |
| 4882441382 | carbon fixation | initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 in an organic compound by an autotrophic organism | 30 | |
| 4882441383 | rubisco | the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle, adding CO2 to RuBP | 31 | |
| 4882441384 | C4 plants | plants which preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation which forms a four-carbon compound as its first product | 32 | |
| 4882441385 | bundle-sheath cells | photosynthetic cells which are arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf | 33 | |
| 4882441386 | mesophyll cells | photosynthetic cells between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface, more loosely arranged | 34 | |
| 4882441387 | PEP carboxylase | enzyme in C4 plants which adds CO2 to PEP to from the four-carbon product oxaloacetate | 35 | |
| 4882441388 | CAM | crassulacean acid metabolism, a photosynthetic adaptation for arid conditions, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night, releasing CO2 during the day from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle | 36 | |
| 4882441389 | CAM plant | a plant which uses CAM to convert carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night into organic acids, which release CO2 for the calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed | 37 | |
| 4882441390 | organelles | membrane-enclosed compartments | 38 | |
| 4882441391 | cell fractionation | takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other sub-cellular structures from one another | 39 | |
| 4882441392 | cytosol | a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found | 40 | |
| 4882441393 | eukaryotic cell | cell in which most DNA is found in the nucleus | 41 | |
| 4882441394 | prokaryotic cell | cell in which most DNA is found in a non-membrane-enclosed nucleoid | 42 | |
| 4882441395 | nucleoid | a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found | 43 | |
| 4882441396 | cytoplasm | the interior of a prokaryotic cell | 44 | |
| 4882441397 | plasma membrane | a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell | 45 | |
| 4882441398 | nucleus | chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell | 46 | |
| 4882441399 | nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm | 47 | |
| 4882441400 | nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope | 48 | |
| 4882441401 | chromosomes | structures that carry the genetic information | 49 | |
| 4882441402 | chromatin | material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA | 50 | |
| 4882441403 | nucleolus | located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes | 51 | |
| 4882441404 | ribosomes | made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins | 52 | |
| 4882441405 | endomembrane system | collection of membranes related through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles | 53 | |
| 4882441406 | endoplasmic reticulum | accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope | 54 | |
| 4882441407 | smooth ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, common in liver cells | 55 | |
| 4882441408 | rough ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce membrane and secretory proteins | 56 | |
| 4882441409 | glycoproteins | proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates | 57 | |
| 4882441410 | transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another | 58 | |
| 4882441411 | Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum | 59 | |
| 4882441412 | lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which it uses to digest macromolecules | 60 | |
| 4882441413 | phagocytosis | the lysosome digests food | 61 | |
| 4882441414 | autophagy | the lysosomes break down damaged organelles | 62 | |
| 4882441415 | food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle | 63 | |
| 4882441416 | contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell | 64 | |
| 4882441417 | central vacuole | common in mature plant cells, diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development | 65 | |
| 4882441418 | mitochondria | chemically convert energy through cellular respiration | 66 | |
| 4882441419 | chloroplasts | convert light energy to chemical energy (photosynthesis) | 67 | |
| 4882441420 | cristae | infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria | 68 | |
| 4882441421 | mitochondrial matrix | compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle | 69 | |
| 4882441422 | plastids | closely related plant organelles | 70 | |
| 4882441423 | thylakoids | membraneous system in the chloroplast, flattened and interconnected sacs | 71 | |
| 4882441424 | granum | stacks of thylakoids | 72 | |
| 4882441425 | stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes | 73 | |
| 4882441426 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm | 74 | |
| 4882441427 | motor proteins | specialized proteins, modify shape and move cells or structures within cells, required to interact with cytoskeleton for cell motility | 75 | |
| 4882441428 | microtubules | hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell | 76 | |
| 4882441429 | centrosome | a region located near the nucleus where microtubules grow from | 77 | |
| 4882441430 | centrioles | two exist in the centrosome, each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in the ring | 78 | |
| 4882441431 | flagella | a long tail-like feature found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement, utilizes a snakelike motion | 79 | |
| 4882441432 | cilia | a short hair-like structure made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion | 80 | |
| 4882441433 | basal body | anchors cilium or flagellum in the cell | 81 | |
| 4882441434 | dyneins | motor proteins responsible for bending movements of cilium and flagellum, composed of several polypeptides | 82 | |
| 4882441435 | microfilaments | seem present in all eukaryotic cells, located in the cytoplasm, acts (sometimes with myosin) to cause cell contraction | 83 | |
| 4882441436 | actin | a globular protein that makes up microfilaments | 84 | |
| 4882441437 | cortex | the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell | 85 | |
| 4882441438 | pseudopodia | cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface | 86 | |
| 4882441439 | cytoplasmic streaming | the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells | 87 | |
| 4882441440 | intermediate filaments | diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments | 88 | |
| 4882441441 | cell wall | extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake | 89 | |
| 4882441442 | primary cell wall | a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell | 90 | |
| 4882441443 | middle lamella | a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin | 91 | |
| 4882441444 | secondary cell wall | a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support | 92 | |
| 4882441445 | extracellular matrix | animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides | 93 | |
| 4882441446 | collagen | most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells | 94 | |
| 4882441447 | proteoglycans | consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached, | 95 | |
| 4882441448 | fibronectin | attach the ECM to integrins embedded in the plasma membrane | 96 | |
| 4882441449 | integrins | membrane proteins with two subunits, bind to the ECM on one side and to associated proteins attached to microfilaments on the other | 97 | |
| 4882441450 | plasmodesmata | channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants | 98 | |
| 4882441451 | tight junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins | 99 | |
| 4882441452 | desmosomes | intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets | 100 | |
| 4882441453 | gap junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants | 101 | |
| 4882441454 | selective permeability | allows some substances to cross it more easily than others; biological membranes, such as the plasma membrane | 102 | |
| 4882441455 | amphipathic | has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region; i.e. phospholipids | 103 | |
| 4882441456 | fluid mosaic model | the membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids |  | 104 |
| 4882441457 | integral proteins | penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer; a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane | 105 | |
| 4882441458 | peripheral proteins | not embedded in lipid bilayer; appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, often to exposed parts of integral proteins | 106 | |
| 4882441459 | glycolipids | molecules formed by the covalent bonding of membrane carbohydrates to lipids | 107 | |
| 4882441460 | glycoproteins | molecules formed by the covalent bonding of membrane carbohydrates to proteins | 108 | |
| 4882441461 | transport proteins | channel proteins; a transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane | 109 | |
| 4882441462 | aquaporins | channel proteins that allow the passage of water through the membrane in certain cells | 110 | |
| 4882441463 | diffusion | movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space | 111 | |
| 4882441464 | concentration gradient | a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases | 112 | |
| 4882441465 | passive transport | diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane; does not have to expend energy to make happen as it moves down the concentration gradient | 113 | |
| 4882441466 | osmosis | the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane, whether artificial or cellular | 114 | |
| 4882441467 | tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water | 115 | |
| 4882441468 | isotonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell | 116 | |
| 4882441469 | hypertonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to loose water | 117 | |
| 4882441470 | hypotonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water | 118 | |
| 4882441471 | osmoregulation | the control of solute concentrations and water balance | 119 | |
| 4882441472 | turgid | very firm; healthy state for most plant cells; in hypotonic solution | 120 | |
| 4882441473 | flaccid | limp; isotonic solution | 121 | |
| 4882441474 | plasmolysis | in hypertonic solutions, the plant cell will lose water to its surroundings and shrink; cell shrivels and pulls away from the cell wall, which can cause the plant to wilt and could lead to death | 122 | |
| 4882441475 | facilitated diffusion | when polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipid bilayer of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane | 123 | |
| 4882441476 | ion channels | channel proteins that transport ions | 124 | |
| 4882441477 | gated channels | ion channels that open or close in response to a stimulus | 125 | |
| 4882441478 | active transport | when the cell must expend energy to pump a solute across a membrane against its gradient | 126 | |
| 4882441479 | sodium-potassium pump | exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane of animal cells | 127 | |
| 4882441480 | membrane potential | the voltage across a membrane; ranges from about -50 to -200 millivolts (mV) | 128 | |
| 4882441481 | electrochemical graident | the combination of a chemical force and an electrical force acting on an ion | 129 | |
| 4882441482 | electrogenic pump | a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane | 130 | |
| 4882441483 | proton pump | actively transports protons out of the cell | 131 | |
| 4882441484 | cotransport | the coupling of "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient | 132 | |
| 4882441485 | exocytosis | the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane resulting in the secretion of certain biological molecules from the cell into the environment | 133 | |
| 4882441486 | endocytosis | the cell takes in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane | 134 | |
| 4882441487 | ligands | any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site on another molecule | 135 | |
| 4882441488 | phagocytosis | cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a membranous sac called a food vacuole (type of endocytosis) | 136 | |
| 4882441489 | pinocytosis | the cell "gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles (type of endocytosis) | 137 | |
| 4882441490 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances, even though those substances may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid | 138 |
