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| 7310070778 | Light microscope | Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses. The lenses reflect the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or camera. |  | 0 |
| 7310070779 | Organelles | The membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells. |  | 1 |
| 7310070780 | Electron Microscope | 2 types, SEM and TEM. |  | 2 |
| 7310070781 | Transmission Electron Microscope | Used to study the internal structure of cells. This microscope profiles a thin section of specimen. The specimen has ben stained with atoms of heavy metals, enhancing electron density of some parts of the cell. |  | 3 |
| 7310070782 | Scanning Electron Microscope | Used for detailed study of the topography of a specimen. This microscope produces a 3-D image of the specimen. |  | 4 |
| 7310070783 | Cell Fractionation | Broken cells are placed in a tube that is spun in a centrifuge. The force causes large cell components to settle at the bottom of the tube, forming a pellet. |  | 5 |
| 7310070784 | Cytosol | Semifluid, jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended. |  | 6 |
| 7310070785 | Eukaryotic Cell | most of the DNA is bound in an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane. |  | 7 |
| 7310070786 | Prokaryotic cell | DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid |  | 8 |
| 7310070787 | Cytoplasm | Eukaryotic cells: region between nucleus and plasma membrane |  | 9 |
| 7310070788 | Plasma Membrane | a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell; membrane enclosing the cell |  | 10 |
| 7310070789 | Flagellum | A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move. It is composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane. |  | 11 |
| 7310070790 | Centrosome | A region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles | 12 | |
| 7310070791 | Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |  | 13 |
| 7310070792 | Microfilaments | Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell |  | 14 |
| 7310070793 | Intermediate filaments | Cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter in between that of the microtubule and the microfilament. Intermediate filaments are composed of many different proteins and tend to play structural roles in cells. |  | 15 |
| 7310070794 | Microtubules | Hollow rods constructed from a globular protein called tubulin |  | 16 |
| 7310070795 | Microvilli | Projections that increase the cell's surface area |  | 17 |
| 7310070796 | Peroxisome | Organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water. |  | 18 |
| 7310070797 | Mitochondrion | Organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated; contains its own genes |  | 19 |
| 7310070798 | Lysosome | Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed |  | 20 |
| 7310070799 | Golgi Apparatus | active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products |  | 21 |
| 7310070800 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome studded) and smooth regions |  | 22 |
| 7310070801 | Rough ER | studded with ribosomes on outer surface of the membrane and appears rough through the electron microscope; |  | 23 |
| 7310070802 | Smooth ER | outer surface lacks ribosomes; synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions. |  | 24 |
| 7310070803 | Nucleus | Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell |  | 25 |
| 7310070804 | Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER |  | 26 |
| 7310070805 | Nucleolus | nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli |  | 27 |
| 7310070806 | Chromation | material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes |  | 28 |
| 7310070807 | Central Vacuole | Prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth. |  | 29 |
| 7310070808 | Chloroplast | Photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules |  | 30 |
| 7310070809 | Plasmodesmata | channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells |  | 31 |
| 7310070810 | Cell Wall | outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein |  | 32 |
| 7310070811 | Nuclear lamina | netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. |  | 33 |
| 7310070812 | Chromosomes | structures that carry genetic information |  | 34 |
| 7310070813 | Endomembrane System | includes nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosmoes, vesicles, vacuoles, plasma membrane; carries out protein synthesis, protein transport into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, detoxification of poisons; |  | 35 |
| 7310070814 | Phagocytosis | engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |  | 36 |
| 7310070815 | Food Vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis |  | 37 |
| 7310070816 | Contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of cell |  | 38 |
| 7310070817 | Cristae | The infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. |  | 39 |
| 7310070818 | Mitochondrial Matrix | The second compartment in closed by inner membrane |  | 40 |
| 7310070819 | Thylakoids | Flattened, interconnected sacs |  | 41 |
| 7310070820 | Granum | staked thylakoids like poker chips |  | 42 |
| 7310070821 | Stroma | Fluid outside thylakoids |  | 43 |
| 7310070822 | Plastids | The family of closely related plant organelles which the chloroplast is part of |  | 44 |
| 7310070823 | Motor proteins | Proteins that change the cell's location and the parts of the cell |  | 45 |
| 7310070824 | Basal Body | The microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum |  | 46 |
| 7310070825 | Dyneins | Large motor proteins attached to outer microtubule doblet |  | 47 |
| 7310070826 | Actin | What microfilaments are built from |  | 48 |
| 7310070827 | Primary Cell Wall | Relatively thin and flexible wall |  | 49 |
| 7310070828 | Middle lamella | thin layer rich in pectins |  | 50 |
| 7310070829 | Pectin | a sticky polysaccharide |  | 51 |
| 7310070830 | Secondary Cell Wall | strong durable matrix |  | 52 |
| 7310070831 | Proteoglycans | Collagen fiber network |  | 53 |
| 7310070832 | Fibronectin | an ECM glycoprotein |  | 54 |
| 7310070833 | Integrins | surface receptor proteins that are built into the plasma memberane |  | 55 |
| 7310070834 | Endosymbiont Theory | An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell. Eventually, the engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell in which it was enclosed, becoming endosymbiont. Over the course of evolution, the host cell and its endosymbiont merged into a single organism; (eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion); (eukaryotic cell with chloroplast). | 56 | |
| 7310070835 | Ribosomes | Complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nucular envelope | 57 | |
| 7310070836 | Parts of Prokaryotic Cells | Pili, Cytoplasm, Flagella (some cells), Plasma Membrane Ribosome (very small),Nucleoid Region,Cell Wall (not of cellulose) | 58 | |
| 7310070837 | Chlorella | photosynthetic only; does not ingest food, contain cilia for movement, reproduces quickly, unicellular. | 59 | |
| 7310070838 | Evidence for Endosymbiosis theory | 1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA (similar to bacterial DNA) 2. Mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclei have double membranes 3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the same size as bacteria cells 4. Infolding is known to occur in prokaryotic cells and probably gave rise to endoplasmic reticulum 5. Mitochondria are analagous in structure and function to purple bacteria as chloroplasts are to green/photosynthetic bacteria | 60 | |
| 7310070839 | Cell Surface:Volume Ratio and Cell Size | 1. Surface area:volume ratio falls with increasing cell size i.e. volume grows faster than surface area 2. Smaller cells are able to exchange materials between cytoplasm and environment because more of cells interior has access to external environment. 3. More chemical rxs can happen in bigger cells because there is more cytoplasm but less exchange of material | 61 | |
| 7310070840 | Animal and Plant Cells | Both contain:Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane, Organelles. Plants: Composed of Cellulose, Site of photo., Large, fluid filled, No centrosome, Starch. Animals: No cell wall, No chloroplast, No central vac., centrosome, Glycogen. | 62 | |
| 7310070841 | Tissues | groups of cells working together to perform a function i.e. heart muscle tissue, brain cells | 63 | |
| 7310070842 | Organs | group of tissues working together i.e. heart, brain | 64 | |
| 7310070843 | Gene | small piece of DNA that codes for a protein | 65 | |
| 7310070844 | Totipotency | the potential of each cell to specialize in any number of differential ways | 66 | |
| 7310070845 | Glycoprotein | A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides linked to short chains | 67 | |
| 7310070846 | Ribosome | A cell organelle consisting of RNA. Constructed at the nucleus. Site of protein synthesis. | 68 | |
| 7310070847 | Stem cells | Cells that are capable of differentiating and turning into a number of different types of cells. Two types; Embryonic - cells from the blastocyst. Somatic - body cell stem cells | 69 | |
| 7310070848 | Uses of stem cells | Replace damaged or diseased tissue from diseases such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's. Treatment of Stargardt's disease, retinal cells can be made from embryonic stem cells | 70 | |
| 7310070849 | Stargardt's Disease | an inherited condition in which the cells in the center of the retina are gradually destroyed causing blindness. | 71 | |
| 7310070850 | Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research | Early research focused on embryonic stem cells, but these can only be obtained from discarded embryos from in vitro fertilization. Somatic stem cells less controversial because no "death" of organism involved. | 72 |
