Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.
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| 239457993 | organelles | membrane-enclosed compartments | 0 | |
| 239457994 | cell fractionation | takes cells apart and separates the major organelles and other sub-cellular structures from one another | 1 | |
| 239457995 | cytosol | a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found | 2 | |
| 239457996 | eukaryotic cell | cell in which most DNA is found in the nucleus | 3 | |
| 239457997 | prokaryotic cell | cell in which most DNA is found in a non-membrane-enclosed nucleoid | 4 | |
| 239457998 | nucleoid | a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found | 5 | |
| 239457999 | cytoplasm | the interior of a prokaryotic cell | 6 | |
| 239458000 | plasma membrane | a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell | 7 | |
| 239458001 | nucleus | chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell | 8 | |
| 239458002 | nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm | 9 | |
| 239458003 | nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope | 10 | |
| 239458004 | chromosomes | structures that carry the genetic information | 11 | |
| 239458005 | chromatin | material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA | 12 | |
| 239458006 | nucleolus | located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes | 13 | |
| 239458007 | ribosomes | made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins | 14 | |
| 239458008 | endomembrane system | collection of membranes related through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles | 15 | |
| 239458009 | endoplasmic reticulum | accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope | 16 | |
| 239458010 | smooth ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, common in liver cells | 17 | |
| 239458011 | rough ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce membrane and secretory proteins | 18 | |
| 239458012 | glycoproteins | proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates | 19 | |
| 239458013 | transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another | 20 | |
| 239458014 | Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum | 21 | |
| 239458015 | lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which it uses to digest macromolecules | 22 | |
| 239458016 | phagocytosis | the lysosome digests food | 23 | |
| 239458017 | autophagy | the lysosomes break down damaged organelles | 24 | |
| 239458018 | food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle | 25 | |
| 239458019 | contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell | 26 | |
| 239458020 | central vacuole | common in mature plant cells, diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development | 27 | |
| 239458021 | mitochondria | chemically convert energy through cellular respiration | 28 | |
| 239458022 | chloroplasts | convert light energy to chemical energy (photosynthesis) | 29 | |
| 239458023 | cristae | infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria | 30 | |
| 239458024 | mitochondrial matrix | compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle | 31 | |
| 239458025 | plastids | closely related plant organelles | 32 | |
| 239458026 | thylakoids | membraneous system in the chloroplast, flattened and interconnected sacs | 33 | |
| 239458027 | granum | stacks of thylakoids | 34 | |
| 239458028 | stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes | 35 | |
| 239458029 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm | 36 | |
| 239458030 | motor proteins | specialized proteins, modify shape and move cells or structures within cells, required to interact with cytoskeleton for cell motility | 37 | |
| 239458031 | microtubules | hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell | 38 | |
| 239458032 | centrosome | a region located near the nucleus where microtubules grow from | 39 | |
| 239458033 | centrioles | two exist in the centrosome, each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in the ring | 40 | |
| 239458034 | flagella | a long tail-like feature found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement, utilizes a snakelike motion | 41 | |
| 239895867 | cilia | a short hair-like structure made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion | 42 | |
| 239895868 | basal body | anchors cilium or flagellum in the cell | 43 | |
| 239895869 | dyneins | motor proteins responsible for bending movements of cilium and flagellum, composed of several polypeptides | 44 | |
| 239895870 | microfilaments | seem present in all eukaryotic cells, located in the cytoplasm, acts (sometimes with myosin) to cause cell contraction | 45 | |
| 239895871 | actin | a globular protein that makes up microfilaments | 46 | |
| 239895872 | cortex | the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell | 47 | |
| 239895873 | pseudopodia | cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface | 48 | |
| 239895874 | cytoplasmic streaming | the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells | 49 | |
| 239895875 | intermediate filaments | diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments | 50 | |
| 239895876 | cell wall | extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake | 51 | |
| 239895877 | primary cell wall | a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell | 52 | |
| 239895878 | middle lamella | a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin | 53 | |
| 239895879 | secondary cell wall | a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support | 54 | |
| 239895880 | extracellular matrix | animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides | 55 | |
| 239895881 | collagen | most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells | 56 | |
| 239895882 | proteoglycans | consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached, | 57 | |
| 239895883 | fibronectin | attach the ECM to integrins embedded in the plasma membrane | 58 | |
| 239895884 | integrins | membrane proteins with two subunits, bind to the ECM on one side and to associated proteins attached to microfilaments on the other | 59 | |
| 239895885 | plasmodesmata | channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants | 60 | |
| 239895886 | tight junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins | 61 | |
| 239895887 | desmosomes | intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets | 62 | |
| 239895888 | gap junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants | 63 |
