Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.
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| 5008208484 | organelles | membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell |  | 0 |
| 5008208485 | cytosol | a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found |  | 1 |
| 5008208486 | eukaryotic cell | Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |  | 2 |
| 5008208487 | prokaryotic cell | Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles |  | 3 |
| 5008208488 | nucleoid region | a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found |  | 4 |
| 5008208489 | cytoplasm | the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles |  | 5 |
| 5008208490 | plasma membrane | The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell |  | 6 |
| 5008208491 | nucleus | chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell |  | 7 |
| 5008208492 | nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm |  | 8 |
| 5008208493 | nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope |  | 9 |
| 5008208494 | chromosomes | tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division) |  | 10 |
| 5008208495 | chromatin | loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA |  | 11 |
| 5008208496 | nucleolus | located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes |  | 12 |
| 5008208497 | ribosomes | made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins |  | 13 |
| 5008208498 | endomembrane system | membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane. |  | 14 |
| 5008208499 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope |  | 15 |
| 5008208500 | smooth ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels |  | 16 |
| 5008208501 | rough ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins |  | 17 |
| 5008208502 | glycoproteins | proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction |  | 18 |
| 5008208503 | transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |  | 19 |
| 5008208504 | Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |  | 20 |
| 5008208505 | lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials |  | 21 |
| 5008208506 | phagocytosis | the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle |  | 22 |
| 5008208507 | autophagy | lysosomes break down damaged organelles |  | 23 |
| 5008208508 | food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle |  | 24 |
| 5008208509 | contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell |  | 25 |
| 5008208510 | central vacuole | the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells |  | 26 |
| 5008208511 | mitochondria | chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration |  | 27 |
| 5008208512 | chloroplasts | contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis |  | 28 |
| 5008208513 | cristae | infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria |  | 29 |
| 5008208514 | mitochondrial matrix | compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle |  | 30 |
| 5008208515 | plastids | manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches |  | 31 |
| 5008208516 | thylakoids | flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs |  | 32 |
| 5008208517 | granum | stacks of thylakoids |  | 33 |
| 5008208518 | stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area |  | 34 |
| 5008208519 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm |  | 35 |
| 5008208520 | microtubules | hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell |  | 36 |
| 5008208521 | centrosome | a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division |  | 37 |
| 5008208522 | centrioles | cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division |  | 38 |
| 5008208523 | flagella | a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement |  | 39 |
| 5008208524 | cilia | a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion | | 40 |
| 5008208525 | microfilaments | the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts |  | 41 |
| 5008208526 | actin | a globular protein that makes up microfilaments |  | 42 |
| 5008208527 | pseudopodia | cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface |  | 43 |
| 5008208528 | cytoplasmic streaming | the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |  | 44 |
| 5008208529 | intermediate filaments | diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments |  | 45 |
| 5008208530 | cell wall | extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake |  | 46 |
| 5008208531 | primary cell wall | a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell |  | 47 |
| 5008208532 | middle lamella | a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin |  | 48 |
| 5008208533 | secondary cell wall | a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support | | 49 |
| 5008208534 | extracellular matrix | where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides |  | 50 |
| 5008208535 | collagen | most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells |  | 51 |
| 5008208536 | plasmodesmata | channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants |  | 52 |
| 5008208537 | tight junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins |  | 53 |
| 5008208538 | desmosomes | intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets |  | 54 |
| 5008208539 | gap junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants |  | 55 |
