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AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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6841930458organellesmembrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell0
6841930459cytosola jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found1
6841930460eukaryotic cellCell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles2
6841930461prokaryotic cellCell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles3
6841930462nucleoid regiona non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found4
6841930463cytoplasmthe region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles5
6841930464plasma membraneThe selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell6
6841930465nucleuschromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell7
6841930466nuclear envelopeencloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm8
6841930467nuclear laminaa netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope9
6841930468chromosomestightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)10
6841930469chromatinloosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA11
6841930470nucleoluslocated in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes12
6841930471ribosomesmade of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins13
6841930472endomembrane systemmembranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.14
6841930473endoplasmic reticulum (ER)accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope15
6841930474smooth ERportion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels16
6841930475rough ERportion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins17
6841930476glycoproteinsproteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction18
6841930477transport vesiclesvesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another19
6841930478Golgi apparatusstack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum20
6841930479lysosomemembranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials21
6841930480phagocytosisthe process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle22
6841930481autophagylysosomes break down damaged organelles23
6841930482food vacuolesformed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle24
6841930483contractile vacuolespump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell25
6841930484central vacuolethe largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells26
6841930485mitochondriachemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration27
6841930486chloroplastscontain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis28
6841930487cristaeinfoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria29
6841930488mitochondrial matrixcompartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle30
6841930489plastidsmanufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches31
6841930490thylakoidsflattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs32
6841930491granumstacks of thylakoids33
6841930492stromafluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area34
6841930493cytoskeletona network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm35
6841930494microtubuleshollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell36
6841930495centrosomea region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division37
6841930496centriolescylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division38
6841930497flagellaa long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement39
6841930498ciliaa short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion40
6841930499microfilamentsthe thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts41
6841930500actina globular protein that makes up microfilaments42
6841930501pseudopodiacellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface43
6841930502cytoplasmic streamingthe circular flow of cytoplasm within cells44
6841930503intermediate filamentsdiverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments45
6841930504cell wallextracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake46
6841930505primary cell walla relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell47
6841930506middle lamellaa thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin48
6841930507secondary cell walla strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support49
6841930508extracellular matrixwhere animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides50
6841930509collagenmost common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells51
6841930510plasmodesmatachannels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants52
6841930511tight junctionsintercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins53
6841930512desmosomesintercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets54
6841930513gap junctionsintercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants55

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