Terms : Hide Images
| 4751226265 | Light microscopes (LMs) | visible light passed thru the specimen and thru the glass lenses. Light is refracted in such away the image is magnified and projected into the eye | 0 | |
| 4751226266 | Organelles | cellular structures | 1 | |
| 4751226267 | Electron Microscope (EM) | focuses a beam of electrons thru a specimen or onto its surface | 2 | |
| 4751226269 | Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | useful for detailed study of the surface of a specimen. -e scan he surface of a sample. The beam excites -e on the sample's surface, and these secondary -e are detected by a device that translates the pattern of -e into an electronic signal to a video screen | 3 | |
| 4751226270 | Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | aims an -e beam thru a very thin section of specimen,. The specimen has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures, enhancing the -e density of some parts the cell more than others. The-e passing thru are scattered more in the denser reigns, so fewer -e are transmitter. The image Is created by the pattern of transmitted -e. instead of glass lenses, uses electromagnets to bend the paths of the-e, ultimately focusing the image onto a screen for viewing or onto photographic film | 4 | |
| 4751226271 | Biochemistry | the study of the molecules and chem processes 9metabolism) of cells | 5 | |
| 4751226272 | Cell ultrastructure | cell's anatomy as revealed by an -e microscope | 6 | |
| 4751226273 | Cell fractionation | takes cells apart and separates the major organelles form ea other | 7 | |
| 4751226274 | Basic features of all cells: | -Bonded by a membrane: plasma membrane -within which is a semifluid substance, cytosol, in which organelles are found -chromosomes carrying genes in the form of DNA -ribosomes, tiny organelles that make proteins according to genetic instruction | 8 | |
| 4751226279 | major diff btw prokaryotic and eukaryotic is that | the chromosomes of eukaryotic cell are located in a membrane-enclosed organelle called the nucleus | 9 | |
| 4751226280 | prokaryotic cell | DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell |  | 10 |
| 4751245492 | nucleoid | is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material | 11 | |
| 4751226282 | cytoplasm | entire region btw the nucleus and the plasma membrane -within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, suspended in cytosol, are a variety of membrane-bounded organelles of specialized form and function -these are absent in prokaryotic cells |  | 12 |
| 4751226285 | The logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets limits on | cell size, at the lower limit the sm cells known are bacteria called micro plasma. These are perhaps the smest packages w/ enough DNA to program metabolize an enough enzymes and other cellular equipment to carry out the actives necessary for a cell to sustain itself and reproduce | 13 | |
| 4751228860 | plasma membrane | functions a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume if the cell |  | 14 |
| 4751229379 | larger organisms do not generally have... | larger cells than sm organisms, they simply have more cells | 15 | |
| 4751231751 | animal cell |  | 16 | |
| 4751231752 | plant cell |  | 17 | |
| 4751242594 | Nucleus | contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell |  | 18 |
| 4751242595 | Nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus, separating its contents form the cytoplasm -Double membrane - Each a lipid bilayer w/ associated proteins are separated by abt 30 nm - The envelope is perforated by pores - At the lip of ea pore the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are continuous - Pore complex - intricate protein structure likes ea pore and regulates the entry and exit of certain large macromolecules and particles |  | 19 |
| 4751250103 | Nuclear lamina | lines the nuclear side of the envelope (except pores), a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope - nuclear matrix - a framework of fibers extending thru out the nuclear interior | 20 | |
| 4751242603 | chromosomes | within the nucleus, organized DNA units that carry the genetic info |  | 21 |
| 4751242604 | chromatin | make up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA | 22 | |
| 4751242605 | a typical human cell has ?? chromosomes in its nucleus, except sex cells which have?? | 46; 23 | 23 | |
| 4751242606 | Nucleolus | contains special RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from instructions in the DNA, also proteins imported form the cytoplasm are assembled w/ rRNA into large and sm ribosomal subunits in the nucleus. These subunits then exit the nucleus thru the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm, where large and sum subunits can assemble into a ribosome |  | 24 |
| 4751251461 | Ribosomes | particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein, carry out protein synthesis - Build proteins in 2 cytoplasmic locales - Free ribosomes - suspended in the cytosol - Bound ribosomes - are attached to outside of the ER or nuclear envelope | 25 | |
| 4751242611 | Endomembrane system | carries out a variety of tasks in the cell, contains many diff membranes of eukaryotic cell - Synthesis of proteins and their transport into membranes and organelles or out of the cell - Metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons | 26 | |
| 4751242614 | Vesicles | sacs make of membrane |  | 27 |
| 4751242615 | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | extensive network of membranes that accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells - Consists of a network of membranous tables and sacs called cisternae - ER membrane Separates the internal compartment of the ER, called the ER lumen or cisternal space, form cytosol - Bc ER membrane continuous w/ nuclear envelope, the space btw the 2 membranes of the envelope is continuous with the limen of the ER |  | 28 |
| 4751242619 | Smooth ER | outer surface lacks ribosomes - Synthesizes lipids (oils, steroids) , metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies drugs and poisons - Steroids include sex hormones and other adrenal gland secretions - Detox usu involves adding hydroxyl groups to drugs, making them more soluble and easier to flush form the body - Barbiturates, alcohol, and other drugs induce the proliferation of smoot ER and its associated detoxification enzymes, increasing the rate of detox | | 29 |
| 4751242624 | Rough ER | has ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane and thus appears rough - Many types of specialized cells secrete proteins produced by ribosomes attached to rough ER (ex insulin) - Once secretory proteins are formed , the ER membrane keeps them separate from the proteins, produced by free ribosomes, that will remain in the cytosol - Secretory proteins depart form the ER wrapped in the membranes of vesicles - Also membrane factory of cell, it grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane. As phospholipids destine to be membrane proteins grow form the ribosomes, they are inserted into the ER membrane itself and are anchored there by their hydrophobic proteins |  | 30 |
| 4751242626 | Glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in the ER by specialized molecules built into the ER membrane | 31 | |
| 4751242629 | Transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |  | 32 |
| 4751266202 | Golgi apparatus | center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping. Products of the ER are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations - Consist of flattened membranous sacs - cisternae - - Distinct polarity, w/ the membranes of cisternae on opp sides of the stack diff in thickness and molecular composition. The 2 sides referred to as cis face and trans face; these act, respectively, as the receiving and shipping departments - Manufactures certain macromolecules by itself (pectin, non-cellulose polysaccharides) - Cisternal maturation model - the cisterance of the Golgi actually progress forward from the cis to the trans face, carrying and modifying their protein cargo as they move |  | 33 |
| 4751266207 | Lysosomes | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromolecules - Lysosomeic enzymes work best in acidic environ found in lysosomes - If lysosomes break open and release contents the release enzymes are not very active, because the cytosol has a neutral pH - However a large # of excessive leakage can destroy a cell by autodigestion - Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER and transferred to Goli for further processing | 34 | |
| 4751266211 | Phagocytosis | eat by engulfing smaller organism or other food particles. The food vacuole formed this way then fuses w/ a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the food | 35 | |
| 4751266213 | Food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis, digest food |  | 36 |
| 4751266214 | Contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of cell, maintaining the appropriate concentration of salts and other molecules |  | 37 |
| 4751266215 | Central vacuole | usu found in mature plants, devel by coalescence of smaller vacuoles, themselves derived from the ER and Golgi, is in this way an integral part of plant cell's endomembrane sys |  | 38 |
| 4751266219 | Tonoplast | enclose the central vacuole, is selective in transporting solutes; as a result, the solution inside the vacuole, called cell sap, differs in composition from the cytosol | 39 | |
| 4751283978 | Mitochondria | sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy form sugars, fats and other fuels w/ help of Oxygen |  | 40 |
| 4751283979 | Chloroplasts | found only in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis, convert solar energy into chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars form carbon dioxide and water |  | 41 |
| 4751283980 | Peroxisome | an oxidative organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system, mainly imports its proteins primarily from the cytosol | 42 | |
| 4751283981 | Cristae | enfolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane -As a highly folded surface gives the inner mitochondrial membrane a large surface area for these proteins, enhancing the productivity of cellular respiration | 43 | |
| 4751283984 | Amyloplasts | are colorless plastids that store starch (amylose), particularly in roots and tubers |  | 44 |
| 4751283986 | Thylakoids | interconnected sacs inside chloroplasts membranes sys |  | 45 |
| 4751283987 | Granum | stacks of thylakoids |  | 46 |
| 4751283988 | Stroma | fluid outside the lakoids, contains chloroplasts DNA and ribosomes an well as enzymes |  | 47 |
| 4751283989 | Cytoskeleton | a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm - Composed of 3 types of molecular structures: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments - Gives mechanical support to the cell and maintain shape - Can quickly be dismantled in one prt of the cell and reassembled in a new location, changing the cell's shape - Involved in several types of motility |  | 48 |
| 4751283996 | Microtubules | thickest of three types of cytoskeleton | 49 | |
| 4751284005 | Flagella and cilia | locomotor appendages that protrude form some cells | 50 | |
| 4751284006 | Basal body | anchor of microtubule assemble pf cilia or flagellum, structurally identical to a centriole. In animals fertilizing sperms flagellum enters the egg and becomes a centriole | 51 | |
| 4751284007 | Dynein | motor protein extending form one microtubule doublet to the next, composed of several polypeptides. Responsible for bending movements of cilia and flagella | 52 | |
| 4751284008 | Microfilaments | are the thinnest (actin filaments), Bear tension, help support cell shape, Part of the contractile apparatus of muscle cells | 53 | |
| 4751284013 | Myosin | protein that makes up thicker filaments, acts as a motor protein by means of projections -Muscle contractions result from actin and myosin sliding past one another | 54 | |
| 4751284015 | Pseudopodia | Pseudopodia - cellular extensions, extend and contract thru the reversible assembly of actin subunits into microfilaments and of microfilaments into networks that convert cytoplasm form sol to gel | 55 | |
| 4751284016 | Cytoplasmic streaming | a circular flow of cytoplasm w/in cells | 56 | |
| 4751284017 | Intermediate filaments | diameters In middle range, Specialized for bearing tension, More permanent fixtures of cells, Impor for reinforcing cell shape and fixing the positon of certain organelles | 57 | |
| 4751284021 | Cell wall | of plants in an extracellular structure that distinguish them form animal cells, protects the plants cell, maintains shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water |  | 58 |
| 4751284022 | Extracellular matrix (EMC) | made of glycoproteins w/ covalently bonded carbohydrates | 59 | |
| 4751284023 | Collagen | most abundant glycoprotein, forms strong fibers outside the cells | 60 | |
| 4751284024 | Proteoglycans | glycoproteins that consist of sm core protein w/ many carbohydrate chains covalently attached | 61 | |
| 4751284025 | Fibronectin | another ECM that binds to cell surface receptor proteins called integrin that are built into the plasma memb | 62 | |
| 4751284026 | Plasmodesmata | channels that perforate cell walls | 63 |
