Quizlet for Mr. McCormick's Test on Chapter 7 (Membranes / Transport) on Monday 10/9/12.
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| 483945837 | Passive | ___________ Transport does not cost a cell any ATP. | |
| 483945838 | Passive | One of the main reasons that _________ transport within the cell is able to happen, is because all molecules have kinetic energy and are moving. | |
| 483945839 | Diffusion | Phenomena in which molecules distribute themselves from areas of high to low concentration until equilibrium is attained | |
| 483945840 | Equilibrium | State of equal distribution of molecules | |
| 483945841 | Concentration Gradient | Name for the spectrum of molecule concentrations in an area | |
| 483945842 | High | If something is moving up a concentration gradient, then it is moving towards an area of (high / low) concentration. | |
| 483945843 | Pheromones | Chemicals produced in very very small quantities that drastically change the behavior of an organism | |
| 483945844 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a membrane | |
| 483945845 | Water | Unless otherwise specified, a given membrane in a problem is permeable only to _________. | |
| 483945846 | Isotonic | A solution is __________ if it has an equal concentration of solute to a cell inside of it. | |
| 483945847 | Hypertonic | A solution is ___________ if it has a higher concentration of solute than a cell inside of it. | |
| 483945848 | Hypotonic | A solution is __________ if it has a lower concentration of solute than a cell inside of it. | |
| 483945849 | False | True or False: Water does not flow between an isotonic solution and a cell within the solution because the water concentrations of the two are already equal to one another. | |
| 483945850 | isotonic | In a(n) _________ solution, the water inside of a cell will flow in and out at a constant rate. | |
| 483945851 | Cytolysis | The bursting of an animal cell | |
| 483945852 | Turgor Pressure | While plant cells do not burst because of their cell wall, they will experience an increase in _________ ____________ if put in a highly hypotonic solution. | |
| 483945853 | hypertonic | Plasmolysis occurs in plant cells when the cells are exposed to a _______________ solution. | |
| 483945854 | Plasmolysis | The peeling off of the cell wall by a plasma membrane in a plant cell when it is placed in a hypertonic environment | |
| 483945855 | True | True or False: During plasmolysis the organelles of a plant cell clump together. | |
| 483945856 | Facilitated Diffusion | Name of process during which a protein embedded in a cell membrane aids in diffusion | |
| 483945857 | Passive | Facilitated diffusion is a form of (active / passive) transport. | |
| 483945858 | temperature size steepness | The rate of diffusion is affected by: 1) ______________ 2) ___________ of molecules 3) _____________ of concentration gradient | |
| 484001290 | selective permeability | The allowance of some substances to cross a membrane more easily than others. | |
| 484001291 | Phospholipids | Most abundant lipids in most membranes | |
| 484001292 | amphipathic | A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions can be described as ______________. | |
| 484001293 | fluid | The plasma membrane of a cell is (rigid / fluid). | |
| 488187414 | hydrophobic | A membrane is held together mainly by ____________ interactions. | |
| 488187415 | unsaturated hydrocarbon tails | A membrane will maintain its fluidity for longer if it has more _____________ _____________ ____________. | |
| 488187416 | cholesterol | "Temperature buffer" in a membrane | |
| 488187417 | True | True or False: Cholesterol can make a membrane less fluid by restricting phospholipid movement. | |
| 488187418 | True | True or False: Cholesterol can make a membrane more fluid by disrupting the close packing of phospholipids. | |
| 488187419 | fluid | Membranes must remain ___________ to work properly. | |
| 488187420 | integral peripheral | The two main types of membrane proteins are ___________ proteins and ____________proteins. | |
| 488187421 | integral | ___________ proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer. | |
| 488187422 | transmembrane | Type of integral protein; spans the entire membrane | |
| 488187423 | nonpolar amino acids | The hydrophobic region of an integral protein consists of one or more stretches of ___________ __________ _________. | |
| 488187424 | α helices | Amino acids in the hydrophobic region of integral proteins are usually coiled into ___ ___________. | |
| 488187425 | aqueous solutions | The hydrophilic regions of an integral protein are exposed to ___________ ____________ on either side of the membrane. | |
| 488187426 | peripheral proteins | ____________ ___________ are not embedded at all in the lipid bilayer. | |
| 488187427 | surface | Peripheral proteins are loosely bound to the __________ of the membrane and are often exposed to parts of integral proteins. | |
| 488187428 | cytoskeleton | On the cytoplasmic side of a membrane, many proteins are held in place by the ________________. | |
| 488187429 | extracellular matrix | On the extracellular side of a membrane, many proteins are held in place by fibers of the ________________ __________. | |
| 488187430 | Transport | Function of membrane protein: Spans the membranes and provides a hydrophilic channel for certain solutes to pass through | |
| 488187431 | Transport | Function of membrane protein: Moves substances by changing shape | |
| 488187432 | Signal Transduction | Function of membrane protein: Recognizes chemical messengers outside of the cell and relays messages to the inside of the cell so that certain chemical reactions can take place | |
| 488187433 | Cell-Cell Recognition | Function of membrane protein: Have attachments serves as identification tags to be recognized by membrane proteins of other cells | |
| 488187434 | Intercellular Joining | Function of membrane protein: Hook to other proteins of its kind in junctions | |
| 488187435 | Carbohydrate | Type of molecule crucial in cell-cell recognition | |
| 488187436 | Carbohydrate | Type of molecule used to designate A / B / AB / O blood group. | |
| 488187437 | B | Most carbohydrates in the cell membrane are covalently bonded to... A) lipids to form lipoproteins B) proteins to form glycoproteins C) proteins to form lipoproteins. | |
| 488187438 | outside | Molecules that start out on the inside face of the ER end up on the __________ face of the plasma membrane. | |
| 488187439 | Nonpolar | ____________ molecules are hydrophobic and can therefore pass through the lipid bilayer of a membrane with ease. | |
| 488187440 | transport proteins | Polar molecules avoid contact with hydrophobic membrane regions by passing through ___________ ___________. | |
| 488187441 | channel protein | Type of transport protein that creates a hydrophilic pathway for polar molecules | |
| 488187442 | aquaporin | Channel protein through which waters enters the cell | |
| 488187443 | carrier protein | Type of transport protein that carries molecules across the cell membrane by changing shape | |
| 488187444 | False | True or False: Carrier proteins do not specifically function for one particular material. | |
| 488212114 | diffusion | the movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space | |
| 488212115 | concentration gradient | Any substance will diffuse down its own _______________ _______________. | |
| 488212116 | False | True or False: In order to carry out diffusion, a cell needs to expend only a tiny bit of energy. | |
| 488212117 | True | True or False: No energy is used during diffusion. | |
| 488212118 | Passive Transport | The movement of materials into / out of the cell without the use of energy. | |
| 488212119 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane | |
| 488212120 | Tonicity | The ability of a cell to gain or lose water | |
| 488212121 | False | True or False: There will be no movement of water molecules when a cell is placed into an isotonic solution. | |
| 488212122 | True | True or False: There will be no net movement of water molecules when a cell is placed into an isotonic solution. | |
| 488212123 | Osmoregulation | the control of water balance | |
| 488212124 | osmoregulation | Organisms without cell walls that live in hypo and hypertonic environments need to develop special adaptations for ______________. | |
| 488234797 | Turgid | Healthy state for most plant cells | |
| 488234798 | firm | If a plant cell is turgid, it is ______. | |
| 488234799 | Flaccid | Plants cells in isotonic environments become ___________. | |
| 488234800 | limp | If a plant cell is flaccid, it is ______. | |
| 488234801 | Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion done with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane | |
| 488234802 | True | True or False: Water molecules can pass through the plasma membrane without the help of aquaporin. | |
| 488234803 | Kidney | Human organ that helps reclaim water from urine before it is excreted | |
| 488234804 | Ion Channels | (AKA gated channels) channel proteins that open or close in response to a stimulus | |
| 488264756 | Active Transport | The pumping of materials up a concentration gradient | |
| 488264757 | Carrier Proteins | Type of transport proteins used in active transport | |
| 488264758 | ATP | ______ supplies energy for most active transport. | |
| 488264759 | negative | The inside of a cell is (positive / negative) in relation to extracellular fluid. | |
| 488264760 | voltage | electrical potential energy | |
| 488264761 | membrane potential | voltage across a membrane | |
| 488264762 | -50 -200 | Membrane potential ranges from ______ to _______ millivolts. | |
| 488264763 | electrochemical gradient | The combination of forces acting on an ion | |
| 488264764 | electrogenic pump | A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane | |
| 488264765 | sodium-potassium pump | Major electrogenic pump of animal cells | |
| 488264766 | proton pump | Main electrogenic pump of plants, bacteria, and fungi | |
| 488264767 | ATP Synthesis Cotransport | Important uses of proton pump: 1) _____ ____________ 2) _____________ | |
| 490345920 | confirmation | Whenever a molecule binds to a carrier protein, the shape or _____________ of the protein changes. | |
| 490345921 | phosphate head | The (phosphate head / fatty acid tail) of a phospholipid is negative in charge and soluble in water. | |
| 490345922 | phosphate heads | The (phosphate heads / fatty acid tails) of a phospholipid bilayer are exposed to aqueous solutions (e.g. extracellular fluid, cytoplasm). | |
| 490345923 | False | True or False: Proteins in a cell membrane are locked into place. | |
| 490345924 | False | True or False: When dealing with a membrane that has a phospholipid bilayer, only lipid-soluble items can pass through without the expenditure of ATP. | |
| 490345925 | aquaporin | "Protein pores" designed to allow water molecules to pass through the cell membrane and increase their rate of entrance | |
| 490345926 | markers | Cell-cell recognition is dependent on __________. | |
| 490345927 | True | True or False: Only twins will have the same cell markers. | |
| 490345928 | True | True or False: Oxygen and CO2 can diffuse right through a cell membrane. | |
| 490345929 | Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps on the myelin sheath that speed up impulses as they travel left to right | |
| 490345930 | Schwann Cells | Cells that grow on the axon of a neuron to form the myelin sheath | |
| 490345931 | Multiple Sclerosis | Degenerative disease in which the myelin sheath breaks down | |
| 490345932 | Dendrite | Neuron part that picks up / receives messages | |
| 490345933 | sensory | A ____________ neuron picks up messages and brings them to the central nervous system. | |
| 490345934 | motor | A ____________ neuron picks up messages and carries them to muscles (in turn making the muscle contract). | |
| 490345935 | neurotransmitters vesicles | Once an impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, ______________ are carried by __________ and are released. | |
| 490345936 | potassium | If a neuron is at rest, then ___________ ions are inside the axon. | |
| 490345937 | sodium | If a neuron is at rest, then ____________ ions are outside of the axon. | |
| 490345938 | respond to stimuli | Gated ion channels are physically embedded in a neuron and are special because they _____________ ___ ____________. | |
| 490345939 | polarized | A neuron at rest can be described as (polarized / depolarized). | |
| 490345940 | depolarized | As an impulse moves down a neuron, the neuron becomes (polarized / depolarized) and the "action potential" occurs. | |
| 490345941 | potassium | After a neuron has been depolarized, ___________ ions should be concentrated outside of the axon. | |
| 490345942 | sodium | After a neuron has been depolarized, ___________ ions should be concentrated inside of the axon. | |
| 490345943 | active transport | After depolarization, a neuron must undergo a kind of ___________ ____________ to reestablish membrane potential. | |
| 490345944 | Sodium Potassium Pump | Mechanism of active transport that returns neurons to membrane potential by moving displaced ions | |
| 490345945 | closed | At resting potential, ion channels are (open / closed). | |
| 490345946 | True | True or False: Both Sodium and Potassium ions are positively charged. | |
| 490345947 | protein nucleic acid | Components inside of an axon that contribute to its negative charge: ____________ ___________ ____________ | |
| 490345948 | sodium | As a nerve impulse moves down a neuron, __________ ion gated ion channels open and cause neighboring channels to do the same. | |
| 490345949 | sodium | The Sodium Potassium Pump helps __________ ions leave the cell. | |
| 490345950 | potassium | The Sodium Potassium Pump helps __________ ions enter the cell. | |
| 490345951 | 3 2 | In one cycle, a Sodium Potassium Pump will transport ____ sodium ions and _____ potassium ions | |
| 490345952 | calcium | Once opened, ____________ gated channels cause vesicles in the axon terminal of a neuron to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitters. | |
| 490345953 | diffusion synapse target | Neurotransmitters use ___________ to move across the ___________ between two adjacent neurons until their __________ is reached. | |
| 490345954 | ACh esterase | Once ACh (a neurotransmitter in motor neurons) reaches its target receptors, the receptors will release _____ ___________ to cease the reaction with ACh. | |
| 490345955 | exocytosis | process through which vesicles are released from the cell | |
| 490345956 | myasthenia gravis | progressive auto-immune disease that breaks down ACh receptors | |
| 490345957 | curare | material used in poison arrow darts; binds to receptors and paralyzes victims (also used in surgery) | |
| 490345958 | 3 | There are ___ main types of endocytosis. | |
| 490345959 | phagocytosis | During ____________, cells bring in "solid materials". | |
| 490345960 | pinocytosis | During ____________, cells bring in "liquid materials". | |
| 490345961 | receptor mediated endocytosis | During ____________ ______________ ____________, materials bind to specific receptors on the outside of a cell, and then the cell proceeds to form a vesicle from the receptors and their attached materials. | |
| 490368900 | small | Diffusion and pumping of materials into and out of the cell generally deals with ________-sized solutes. | |
| 490368901 | large | Vesicles are used to transport ________-sized materials and solutes like polysaccharides and proteins. | |
| 490368902 | False | True or False: Endocytosis and Exocytosis do not require ATP. | |
| 490368903 | ligand | A(n) _____________ is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. (e.g. LDLS) |
