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AP Biology Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

Campbell Biology Book. Unit 1: The Chemistry of Life. Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism.

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1020726437MetabolismThe totality of an organism's chemical reactions. Manages the material and energy resources of the cell.1
1020726438Metabolic PathwayBegins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.2
1020726439Catabolic PathwaysRelease energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. Ex: Cellular Respiration3
1020726440Anabolic PathwaysConsume energy to build complicated molecules form simpler ones (AKA biosynthetic pathways). Ex: synthesis of a protein from amino acids.4
1020726441BioenergeticsThe study of how energy flows through living organisms.5
1020726442EnergyThe capacity to cause change. Can be used to do work.6
1020726443Kinetic EnergyEnergy associated with the relative motion of an object.7
1020726444Thermal energyAKA Heat. Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.8
1020726445Potential EnergyEnergy possessed because of location or structure. Molecules possess this type of energy because of the arrangement of their atoms.9
1020726446Chemical EnergyPotential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. Complex molecules like glucose are high in this type of energy.10
1020726447ThermodynamicsThe study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.11
1020726448Isolated SystemUnable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings.12
1020726449Open SystemEnergy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. Ex: Organisms13
1020726450First Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed (principle of conservation of energy).14
1020726451EntropyA measure of disorder or randomness. Change in this represented by delta S.15
1020726452Second Law of ThermodynamicsEvery energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. (For a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe)16
1020726453SpontaneousA process that can occur without the input of energy.17
1020726454NonspontaneousA process that cannot occur on its own.18
1020726455Free EnergyThe portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in this is represented by delta G. A measure of a system's instability.19
1020726456EnthalpyIn biological systems, equivalent to total energy. Change in this represented by delta H.20
1020726457Gibbs Free EnergyDelta G = Delta H - T *Delta S21
1020726458Negative Delta GOnly processes with this are spontaneous. Every spontaneous process decreases the system's free energy.22
1020726459EquilibriumA state of maximum stability. The lowest possible value of G for that system. Cannot spontaneously change, and can do no work.23
1020726460Exergonic ReactionProceeds with a net release of free energy. (G decreases, so delta G is negative). Occur spontaneously. The magnitude represents the work capacity.24
1020726461Endergonic ReactionReaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. G increases and delta G is positive. Nonspontaneous, and the magnitude of delta G is the quantity required to drive the reaction.25
1020726462Chemical WorkThe pushing of endergonic reactions, which would not occur spontaneously. Ex: synthesis of polymers from monomers26
1020726463Transport WorkThe pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement.27
1020726464Mechanical WorkEx: the beating of cilia, the contraction of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction.28
1020726465Energy CouplingThe use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. ATP is responsible for mediating most of this, and acts as the immediate source of energy that powers most cellular work.29
1020726466ATPAdenosine triphosphate. Contains the sugar ribose + nitrogenous base adenine + 3 phosphate groups. Releases energy during hydrolysis.30
1020726467PhosphorylatedDescribes the state of a recipient of a phosphate group.31
1020726468EnzymeMacromolecule that acts as a catalyst. Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.32
1020726469CatalystA chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.33
1020726470Activation EnergyThe energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break. The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier. Often supplied in the form of heat.34
1020726471SubstrateThe reactant an enzyme acts on.35
1020726472Enzyme-Substrate ComplexThe enzyme and substrate are joined together.36
1020726473Active SiteThe region of the enzyme which binds to the substrate. Typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the protein where catalysis occurs.37
1020726474Induced FitLike a clasping handshake. Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction.38
1020726475CofactorsNonprotein helpers which may be bound tightly to the enzyme of loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.39
1020726476CoenzymeA cofactor that is an organic molecule. Ex: vitamins.40
1020726477Competitive InhibitorsReduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites. Can be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate.41
1020726478Noncompetitive InhibitorsDo not directly compete with the substrate, but bind to the enzyme at another part and cause the enzyme to change shape so the active site becomes less effective.42
1020726479Allosteric RegulationAny case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site. Can result in inhibition or stimulation.43
1020726480CooperativityWhen an enzyme has two or more subunits, a substrate molecule causing induced fit in one subunit can trigger the same favorable shape change in all other subunits of the enzyme. Amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates.44
1020726481Feedback InhibitionWhen a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.45

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