Campbell Biology Book. Unit 1: The Chemistry of Life. Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism.
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| 1020726437 | Metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. Manages the material and energy resources of the cell. | 1 | |
| 1020726438 | Metabolic Pathway | Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product. | 2 | |
| 1020726439 | Catabolic Pathways | Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. Ex: Cellular Respiration | 3 | |
| 1020726440 | Anabolic Pathways | Consume energy to build complicated molecules form simpler ones (AKA biosynthetic pathways). Ex: synthesis of a protein from amino acids. | 4 | |
| 1020726441 | Bioenergetics | The study of how energy flows through living organisms. | 5 | |
| 1020726442 | Energy | The capacity to cause change. Can be used to do work. | 6 | |
| 1020726443 | Kinetic Energy | Energy associated with the relative motion of an object. | 7 | |
| 1020726444 | Thermal energy | AKA Heat. Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. | 8 | |
| 1020726445 | Potential Energy | Energy possessed because of location or structure. Molecules possess this type of energy because of the arrangement of their atoms. | 9 | |
| 1020726446 | Chemical Energy | Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. Complex molecules like glucose are high in this type of energy. | 10 | |
| 1020726447 | Thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. | 11 | |
| 1020726448 | Isolated System | Unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings. | 12 | |
| 1020726449 | Open System | Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. Ex: Organisms | 13 | |
| 1020726450 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed (principle of conservation of energy). | 14 | |
| 1020726451 | Entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. Change in this represented by delta S. | 15 | |
| 1020726452 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. (For a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe) | 16 | |
| 1020726453 | Spontaneous | A process that can occur without the input of energy. | 17 | |
| 1020726454 | Nonspontaneous | A process that cannot occur on its own. | 18 | |
| 1020726455 | Free Energy | The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in this is represented by delta G. A measure of a system's instability. | 19 | |
| 1020726456 | Enthalpy | In biological systems, equivalent to total energy. Change in this represented by delta H. | 20 | |
| 1020726457 | Gibbs Free Energy | Delta G = Delta H - T *Delta S | 21 | |
| 1020726458 | Negative Delta G | Only processes with this are spontaneous. Every spontaneous process decreases the system's free energy. | 22 | |
| 1020726459 | Equilibrium | A state of maximum stability. The lowest possible value of G for that system. Cannot spontaneously change, and can do no work. | 23 | |
| 1020726460 | Exergonic Reaction | Proceeds with a net release of free energy. (G decreases, so delta G is negative). Occur spontaneously. The magnitude represents the work capacity. | 24 | |
| 1020726461 | Endergonic Reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. G increases and delta G is positive. Nonspontaneous, and the magnitude of delta G is the quantity required to drive the reaction. | 25 | |
| 1020726462 | Chemical Work | The pushing of endergonic reactions, which would not occur spontaneously. Ex: synthesis of polymers from monomers | 26 | |
| 1020726463 | Transport Work | The pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement. | 27 | |
| 1020726464 | Mechanical Work | Ex: the beating of cilia, the contraction of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction. | 28 | |
| 1020726465 | Energy Coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. ATP is responsible for mediating most of this, and acts as the immediate source of energy that powers most cellular work. | 29 | |
| 1020726466 | ATP | Adenosine triphosphate. Contains the sugar ribose + nitrogenous base adenine + 3 phosphate groups. Releases energy during hydrolysis. | 30 | |
| 1020726467 | Phosphorylated | Describes the state of a recipient of a phosphate group. | 31 | |
| 1020726468 | Enzyme | Macromolecule that acts as a catalyst. Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur. | 32 | |
| 1020726469 | Catalyst | A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 33 | |
| 1020726470 | Activation Energy | The energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break. The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier. Often supplied in the form of heat. | 34 | |
| 1020726471 | Substrate | The reactant an enzyme acts on. | 35 | |
| 1020726472 | Enzyme-Substrate Complex | The enzyme and substrate are joined together. | 36 | |
| 1020726473 | Active Site | The region of the enzyme which binds to the substrate. Typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the protein where catalysis occurs. | 37 | |
| 1020726474 | Induced Fit | Like a clasping handshake. Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction. | 38 | |
| 1020726475 | Cofactors | Nonprotein helpers which may be bound tightly to the enzyme of loosely and reversibly along with the substrate. | 39 | |
| 1020726476 | Coenzyme | A cofactor that is an organic molecule. Ex: vitamins. | 40 | |
| 1020726477 | Competitive Inhibitors | Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites. Can be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate. | 41 | |
| 1020726478 | Noncompetitive Inhibitors | Do not directly compete with the substrate, but bind to the enzyme at another part and cause the enzyme to change shape so the active site becomes less effective. | 42 | |
| 1020726479 | Allosteric Regulation | Any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site. Can result in inhibition or stimulation. | 43 | |
| 1020726480 | Cooperativity | When an enzyme has two or more subunits, a substrate molecule causing induced fit in one subunit can trigger the same favorable shape change in all other subunits of the enzyme. Amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates. | 44 | |
| 1020726481 | Feedback Inhibition | When a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. | 45 |
