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| 7732663726 | The living cell | - a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur -Converts energy in many ways | 0 | |
| 7732663727 | metabolism | -an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules with the cell -transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics | 1 | |
| 7732663728 | metabolic pathway steps | - begin with a specific molecule and end with a product - each catalyzed by a specific enzyme |  | 2 |
| 7732663729 | Catabolic pathways | -Break down complex molecules into simpler compounds -Release energy | 3 | |
| 7732663730 | Anabolic pathways | -Build complicated molecules from simpler ones -Consume energy | 4 | |
| 7732663731 | Energy | -the capacity to cause change -Exists in various forms -can be converted | 5 | |
| 7732663732 | Kinetic energy | energy associated with motion | 6 | |
| 7732663733 | Potential energy | -stored in the location of matter -chemical energy stored in molecular structure | 7 | |
| 7732663734 | Thermodynamics | the study of energy transformations | 8 | |
| 7732663735 | First Law of Thermodynamics | -Energy can be transferred and transformed -Energy cannot be created or destroyed |  | 9 |
| 7732663736 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | -Spontaneous changes that do not require outside energy increase the entropy, or disorder, of the universe | 10 | |
| 7732663737 | Living systems | -Increase the entropy of the universe -Use energy to maintain order | 11 | |
| 7732663738 | What does the free- energy change of a reaction tell us? | whether the reaction occurs spontaneously | 12 | |
| 7732663739 | Free-Energy Change, ∆G | energy that can do work under cellular conditions | 13 | |
| 7732663740 | change in free energy | related directly to the enthalpy change (∆H) and the change in entropy |  | 14 |
| 7732663741 | Free Energy, Stability, and Equilibrium | -Organisms live at the expense of free energy -During a spontaneous change --Free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases | 15 | |
| 7732663742 | maximum stability | The system is at equilibrium | 16 | |
| 7732663743 | exergonic reaction | a net release of free energy and is spontaneous |  | 17 |
| 7732663744 | endergonic reaction | absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous | 18 | |
| 7732663745 | Equilibrium and Metabolism | Reactions in a closed system -Eventually reach equilibrium | 19 | |
| 7732663746 | Cells in our body | Experience a constant flow of materials in and out, preventing metabolic pathways from reaching equilibrium | 20 | |
| 7732663747 | ATP powers what and how? | ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions | 21 | |
| 7732663748 | three main kinds of cell work | powered by the hydrolysis of ATP -Mechanical -Transport -Chemical | 22 | |
| 7732663749 | Mechanical work | the beating of cilia, thr contraction od muscle cells and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction | 23 | |
| 7732663750 | Transport work | pumping of substances across membranes | 24 | |
| 7732663751 | Chemical cell work | the pushing of endergonic reactions | 25 | |
| 7732663752 | Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP | Energy is released from ATP ATP hydrolysis -Can be coupled to other reactions |  | 26 |
| 7732663753 | ATP | 27 | ||
| 7732663754 | How ATP Works | By phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate to other molecules | 28 | |
| 7732663755 | Regeneration of ATP | Catabolic pathways drive the regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate | 29 | |
| 7732663756 | What do enzymes speed up? How? | Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers | 30 | |
| 7732663757 | catalyst | chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | 31 | |
| 7732663758 | enzyme | catalytic protein | 32 | |
| 7732663759 | The Activation Barrier | Every chemical reaction between molecules involves both bond breaking and bond forming | 33 | |
| 7732663760 | example of a chemical reaction | hydrolysis | 34 | |
| 7732663761 | activation energy (EA) | amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier hill so that the "downhill" part of the reaction can begin |  | 35 |
| 7732663762 | How Enzymes Lower the EA Barrier | An enzyme catalyzes reactions -By lowering the EA barrier | 36 | |
| 7732663763 | Substrate Specificity of Enzymes | substrate -the reactant an enzyme acts on enzyme -Binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme- substrate complex | 37 | |
| 7732663764 | The active site | region on the enzyme where the substrate binds |  | 38 |
| 7732663765 | Catalysis in the Enzyme's Active Site | In an enzymatic reaction -The substrate binds to the active site | 39 | |
| 7732663766 | catalytic cycle of an enzyme |  | 40 | |
| 7732663767 | The active site can lower an EA barrier by | -Orienting substrates correctly -Straining substrate bonds -Providing a favorable microenvironment -Covalently bonding to the substrate | 41 | |
| 7732663768 | activity of an enzyme | affected by general environmental factors |  | 42 |
| 7732663769 | Effects of Temperature and pH | Each enzyme -Has an optimal temperature in which it can function | 43 | |
| 7732663770 | Cofactors | nonprotein enzyme helpers |  | 44 |
| 7732663771 | Coenzymes | -Are organic cofactors |  | 45 |
| 7732663772 | Enzyme Inhibitors | inhibit the action of specific enzymes | 46 | |
| 7732663773 | Noncompetitive inhibitors | -Bind to another part of an enzyme, changing the function | 47 | |
| 7732663774 | Regulation of enzyme activity helps control . . . | 48 | ||
| 7732663775 | Allosteric regulation | 49 | ||
| 7732663776 | A cell's metabolic pathways . . . | Must be tightly regulated | 50 | |
| 7732663777 | Allosteric Activation and Inhibition | Many enzymes are allosterically regulated They change shape when regulatory molecules bind to specific sites, affecting function | 51 | |
| 7732663778 | Cooperativity | a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity |  | 52 |
| 7732663779 | feedback inhibition | end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway |  | 53 |
| 7732663780 | Within the cell, enzymes may be . . . | -Grouped into complexes -Incorporated into membranes -Contained inside organelles | 54 |
