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| 8165102828 | metabolism | all of an organism's chemical reactions | 0 | |
| 8165102829 | metabolic pathway | step-wise conversion of precursors to products using specific enzymes to catalyze each step |  | 1 |
| 8165102830 | catabolic pathway | break down of complex molecules into simple ones (releases energy) |  | 2 |
| 8165102831 | anabolic pathway | building of complex molecules from simple ones (requires energy) |  | 3 |
| 8165102832 | drives | Energy from catabolism __________ anabolism. | 4 | |
| 8165102833 | kinetic energy | based on an object's motion |  | 5 |
| 8165102834 | potential energy | based on an object's location or structure |  | 6 |
| 8165102835 | thermodynamics | study of energy transformations in a collection of matter | 7 | |
| 8165102836 | open system | both energy and matter are exchanged with the surroundings | 8 | |
| 8165102837 | closed system | energy, but not matter, is exchanged with its surroundings | 9 | |
| 8165102838 | open | Organisms are ________ systems. | 10 | |
| 8165102839 | First Law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. |  | 11 |
| 8165102840 | increase | Energy transformations ________ entropy of the universe. | 12 | |
| 8165102841 | entropy | measure of disorder or randomness of a system (S) | 13 | |
| 8165102842 | Second Law of thermodynamics | every energy transformation increases entropy of the universe |  | 14 |
| 8165102843 | spontaneous reactions | -∆G; release energy; occur in nature by themselves (can be very slow) | 15 | |
| 8165102844 | free energy | portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system (as in a living cell) |  | 16 |
| 8165102845 | Negative, less | ____ ∆G... _____ free energy in products... MORE stable at the end | 17 | |
| 8165102846 | Positive, more | ____ ∆G... _____ free energy in products... LESS stable at the end | 18 | |
| 8165102847 | exergonic reaction | releases free energy, ∆G is negative (spontaneous) |  | 19 |
| 8165102848 | endergonic reaction | absorbs free energy from surroundings, ∆G is positive (nonspontaneous) |  | 20 |
| 8165102849 | reversible reactions | occur in both directions till reach equilibrium; exergonic one way and endergonic the other (ex. cellular respiration) |  | 21 |
| 8165102850 | equilibrium | Reactions in a closed system eventually reach a state of balance called ____. | 22 | |
| 8165102851 | types of cellular work | chemical (synthesizing polymers from monomers), mechanical (beating cilia, contracting muscle cells), transport (moving substances across a membrane) |  | 23 |
| 8165102852 | ATP | energy currency of the cell |  | 24 |
| 8165102853 | phosphorylation | transfer of a phosphate group | 25 | |
| 8165102854 | enzymes | speed up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energies which are not consumed (catalysts) |  | 26 |
| 8165102855 | activation energy | initial energy required to start a reaction; lowered by enzymes (bumps in figures) |  | 27 |
| 8165102856 | substrate | reactant(s) an enzyme acts on |  | 28 |
| 8165102857 | enzyme-substrate complex | enzyme bound to substrate |  | 29 |
| 8165102858 | active site | region where substrate binds to enzyme |  | 30 |
| 8165102859 | induced fit | when enzyme changes shape slightly because of interactions between substrate and active site |  | 31 |
| 8165102860 | concentration | Substrate _______ affects rate of reaction. | 32 | |
| 8165102861 | temperature and pH | Changing ______ can affect the rate of enzymatic reactions. | 33 | |
| 8165102862 | cofactors | nonprotein molecules or ions required for proper functioning of some enzymes (minerals) | 34 | |
| 8165102863 | coenzymes | organic molecules necessary for some enzymatic reactions (vitamins) | 35 | |
| 8165102864 | competitive inhibitors | chemical other than the substrate that binds to the active site and blocks it |  | 36 |
| 8165102865 | noncompetitive inhibitors | chemical other than the substrate that binds somewhere other than the active site and changes the site's shape so substrate can no longer bind |  | 37 |
| 8165102867 | allosteric regulation | binding of regulatory molecule at one site that affects function at a different site; similar to noncompetitive inhibitors but reversible (can inhibit or activate). |  | 38 |
| 8165102868 | cooperativity | when enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules after one substrate molecule binds | 39 | |
| 8165102869 | feedback inhibition | end product shuts down initial steps of metabolic pathway |  | 40 |
