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| 471868489 | metabolism | set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes | |
| 471868490 | catabolic pathways | Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds | |
| 471868491 | anabolic pathways | Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones (store energy) | |
| 471868492 | energy | the capacity of a physical system to do work | |
| 471868493 | kinetic energy | the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion | |
| 471868494 | potential energy | the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position | |
| 471868495 | chemical energy | that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction | |
| 471868496 | thermodynamics | the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy | |
| 471868497 | 1st law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | |
| 471868498 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases. | |
| 471868499 | entropy | measure of disorder or randomness, energy that is no longer available to do work | |
| 471868500 | free energy | energy that is available to do work | |
| 471868501 | exergonic reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. | |
| 471868502 | endergonic reaction | A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. | |
| 471868503 | ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work | |
| 471868504 | phosphorylation | The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation. | |
| 471868505 | enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts | |
| 471868506 | catalysts | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed | |
| 471868507 | activation energy | the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction | |
| 471868508 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. | |
| 471868509 | active site | the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs | |
| 471868510 | induced fit | The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. | |
| 471868511 | coenzyme | a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes | |
| 471868512 | cofactor | a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result | |
| 471868513 | competitive inhibition | The process of a substance reducing the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. | |
| 471868514 | noncompetitive inhibition | the act of binding to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective | |
| 471868515 | allosteric site | A site on an enzyme other than the active site, to which a specific substance binds, thereby changing the shape and activity of the enzyme. | |
| 471868516 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. | |
| 471868517 | cooperativity | A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules. | |
| 471870012 | activation energy | in a chemcial reaction, the energy needed to force the electron shells of reactants together piror to the formation of products | |
| 471870013 | active site | the region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic function of the enzyme | |
| 471870014 | adenosine diphosphate | a molceulce composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups, a component of ATP. | |
| 471870015 | allosteric regulation | the process by which enzyme asction is enhanced or inhibited by small organic molecules that act as regulartors by binding to the enzyme and altering active site | |
| 471870016 | catalyst | a substance that speeds up a chemcial reaction wtihout itself being permantly changed in the process;lowers the activation energy of a reaction | |
| 471870017 | chemical reaction | the process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together | |
| 471870018 | coenzyme | an organic molecule that is bound to certain enzymes and is required for the enzmes proper functioning typicall a nucleotide bound to a water soluble vitamin | |
| 471870019 | competitive inhibition | the process by which two or more molecules that are somewhat similair in structure compete for the active site of an enzyme | |
| 471870020 | coupled reaction | a pair of reactions, one exergonic and one endergonic, that are linked together such that the energy produced by the exergonic reaction provides the neergy needed to drive the endergonic reaction | |
| 471870021 | electron carrier | a molecule that can reversibly gain or lose electrons. Electron carriers generally accept high energy electrosn produced during an exergonic reaction and donate the electrons to acceptor molecules that use the energy to drive endergonic reactions | |
| 471870022 | endergonic | pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed; an uphill reaction | |
| 471870023 | energy | the capacity to do work | |
| 471870024 | energy carrier molecule | a molecule that stores energy i high energy chemical bonds and realeases the energy t drive coupled endothermic reactions, IN cells ATP is pled endothermic reactions. in cells atp is the most common energy carrier molecule | |
| 471870025 | entropy | a measure of the amount of randomness and disorder in a system | |
| 471870026 | enzyme | a protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions | |
| 471870027 | exergonic | pertaining to a chemcial reaction that liberates energy either as heat or in the form of increaseted entropy a downhill reaction | |
| 471870028 | feedback inhibition | in enzyme mediated chemical eactions the condition in which the product of a reaction inhibits one or more of the enzymes involved in synthesizing the product | |
| 471870029 | first law of thermodynamics | the primciple of phyiscs that states that within any isolated system, energy can be neither created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another | |
| 471870030 | kinetic energy | the energy of movement includes light heat, mechanical movement, and electricty | |
| 471870031 | laws of thermodynamics | the physical laws that define the basic properties and behavior of energy | |
| 471870032 | metabolic pathway | a sequence of chemcial reactions within a cell, in which the products of one raction are the reactants for the next reaction | |
| 471870033 | metabolsim | the sum of all chemncial reactions thatoccur within a single cell or within all the cells of a multicellular organism | |
| 471870034 | potential energy | stored energy, normaly chemcial energy or energy of posistion within a gravitational field | |
| 471870035 | product | an atom or molecule that is formed from reactants in a chemical reaction | |
| 471870036 | reactant | an atom or moelcule that is used up in a chemcial reaction to form a product | |
| 471870037 | second law of thermodynamics | the principle of physics that states that any change in an isolated sustem caues the quanitity of concentrated, useful energy to decrease and the amount of randomness and disorder (entropy) to increase | |
| 471870038 | substrate | the atoms or molecules that are the reactants for an enzyme catalyzed chemcial reactoin |
