From: AP Biology Seventh Edition
Campbell and Reece
Terms : Hide Images
| 949880757 | metabolism | the totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways | 1 | |
| 949971805 | metabolic pathway | a series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway) | 2 | |
| 949880758 | catabolic pathway | a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds ***also called "breakdown pathways" | 3 | |
| 949880759 | anabolic pathway | a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones ***sometimes called "biosynthetic pathways" | 4 | |
| 949880760 | thermodynamics | the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter | 5 | |
| 949880761 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. ***also known as the "principle of conservation of energy" | 6 | |
| 949880762 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 7 | |
| 949880763 | entropy | a quantitative measure of disorder or randomness ***symbolized by S | 8 | |
| 949880764 | energy | capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force) | 9 | |
| 949880765 | kinetic energy | energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects | 10 | |
| 949880766 | thermal energy | kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules | 11 | |
| 949880767 | potential energy | energy that matter possesses due to its location or structure | 12 | |
| 949880768 | chemical energy | the potential energy that is available for release in a chemical reaction ***stored in the chemical bonds of molecules | 13 | |
| 949880769 | free energy | measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout they system | 14 | |
| 949880770 | exergonic reaction | a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy *** "energy outward" | 15 | |
| 949880771 | endergonic reaction | a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings *** "energy inward" | 16 | |
| 949880772 | energy coupling | the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction | 17 | |
| 949880773 | ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed *** this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells | 18 | |
| 949880774 | ADP | (adenosine diphosphate) a nucleotide that is essential in photosynthesis and glycolysis | 19 | |
| 949880776 | catalyst | a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | 20 | |
| 949880777 | enzyme | a protein serving as a catalyst | 21 | |
| 949880778 | activation energy | the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start *** also called free energy of activation | 22 | |
| 949880779 | substrate | the reactant on which an enzyme works | 23 | |
| 949880780 | enzyme-substrate complex | a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate (or substrates, when there are 2 or more reactants) | 24 | |
| 949880781 | active site | the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical *** typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the protein | 25 | |
| 949880782 | induced fit | the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate | 26 | |
| 949880783 | cofactors | any non protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme ***can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis | 27 | |
| 949880784 | coenzyme | an organic molecule serving as a cofactor | 28 | |
| 949880785 | competitive inhibitor | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics | 29 | |
| 949880786 | noncompetitive inhibitor | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate | 30 | |
| 949880787 | allosteric regulation | the binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site | 31 | |
| 949880788 | cooperativity | an interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein whereby a conformational change in one subunit is transmitted to all others | 32 | |
| 949880789 | feedback inhibition | a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway | 33 | |
| 949880790 | denaturation | in proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive ***in DNA, the separation of the 2 strands of the double helix *** occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature | 34 |
