Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
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| 7725867042 | fermentation | anaerobic process that produces little ATP, includes glycolysis, and restores NAD+ |  | 0 |
| 7725867043 | aerobic respiration | catabolic pathway which requires oxygen and occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria | 1 | |
| 7725867044 | anaerobic respiration | catabolic pathway which does not require oxygen and occurs only in cytoplasm | 2 | |
| 7725867045 | oxidation | loss of electrons from atoms of a substance |  | 3 |
| 7725867046 | reduction | addition of electrons to atoms of a substance |  | 4 |
| 7725867047 | reducing agent | electron donor in a redox reaction |  | 5 |
| 7725867048 | oxidizing agent | electron acceptor in a redox reaction |  | 6 |
| 7725867049 | NAD+ | electron carrier used in cellular respiration to transfer electrons from Kreb's cycle to ETC |  | 7 |
| 7725867050 | electron transport chain (ETC) | (1) transfer of electrons from glucose via NADH/FADH2 to transmembrane proteins and subsequently using their high energy to pump protons to intermembrane space in mitochondria or thylakoid space in chloroplasts |  | 8 |
| 7725867051 | citric acid (Kreb's) cycle | (B) 2nd step of cellular respiration that breaks down AcetylCoA to 2 carbon dioxide, 1 ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2 molecules in mitochondrial matrix (aerobic) |  | 9 |
| 7725867052 | glycolysis | (A) 1st step of cellular respiration that splits glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATPs (anaerobic, catabolic/exergonic) | | 10 |
| 7725867053 | Pi (not π) | inorganic phosphate |  | 11 |
| 7725867054 | oxidative phosphorylation | (3) synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi at ATP synthase using energy from glucose electrons which are ultimately transferred to oxygen (final electron acceptor) using ETC in mitochondrial cristae (aerobic) | | 12 |
| 7725867055 | substrate level phosphorylation | synthesis of ATP by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP using an enzyme |  | 13 |
| 7725867056 | chemiosmosis | (3) movement of protons down their concentration gradient coupled to ATP synthesis | | 14 |
| 7725867057 | proton motive force | potential energy stored in form of an electrochemical gradient generated by pumping hydrogen ions across membranes during ETC |  | 15 |
| 7725867058 | alcohol fermentation | conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and 2-carbon compound in absence of oxygen to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis (in yeast) |  | 16 |
| 7725867059 | lactic acid fermentation | conversion of pyruvate to 3-carbon compound in absence of oxygen to regenerate NAD+ needed for glycolysis (in our muscles) |  | 17 |
| 7725867060 | obligate anaerobes | organisms that can only survive WITHOUT oxygen | 18 | |
| 7725867061 | beta oxidation | metabolic pathway that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments which enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA |  | 19 |
| 7725867062 | redox | electron transfer reactions that occur together and in which one chemical is oxidized and the other reduced |  | 20 |
| 7725867063 | formation of acetyl CoA | metabolic link between glycolysis and aerobic respiration |  | 21 |
| 7725867064 | cellular respiration | exergonic process that includes 3 steps and releases energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose and other molecules in presence of oxygen |  | 22 |
| 7725867065 | cytochromes | iron-containing proteins that play key role in electron transport chains in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membranes of prokaryotes |  | 23 |
| 7725867066 | ATP synthase | enzyme in mitochondrial cristae and chloroplast thylakoids that uses energy of proton gradient to add a phosphate group to ADP and so form ATP |  | 24 |
| 7725867067 | facultative anaerobes | organisms that can survive with OR without oxygen | 25 | |
| 7725867068 | dehydrogenases | enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms |  | 26 |
| 7725867069 | isomerases/mutases | enzymes that move atoms within a molecule |  | 27 |
| 7725867070 | kinases/phosphatases | enzymes that transfer phosphate groups |  | 28 |
| 7725867071 | adolases | enzymes that cut molecules |  | 29 |
| 7725867072 | enolases | enzymes that add double bonds to molecules |  | 30 |
