This is a set of ALL of the bolded terms in both chapters 11 and 12 of the Campbell biology book. All terms are in order from the Campbell book. If you have any questions or comments, or problems with the set, let me know. Enjoy, and good luck on the test.
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| 724847255 | signal-transduction pathway | the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response | 0 | |
| 724847256 | local regulator | a substance that influences cells in the vicinity | 1 | |
| 724847257 | hormones | molecules that carry signals for longer distances | 2 | |
| 724847258 | ligand | a small molecule that specifically binds to a larger one | 3 | |
| 724847259 | G-protein-linked receptor | a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a G protein | 4 | |
| 724847260 | tyrosine kinase | catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein | 5 | |
| 724847261 | tyrosine-kinase receptors | membrane receptors that attach phosphates to protein tyrosines | 6 | |
| 724847262 | ligand-gated ion channels | protein pores in the plasma membrane that open or close in response to a chemical signal, allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions, such as Na+ or Ca2+ | 7 | |
| 724847263 | protein kinase | general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein | 8 | |
| 724847264 | protein phosphatases | enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins | 9 | |
| 724847265 | second messengers | small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions - a component of signal transduction that is not a protein | 10 | |
| 724847266 | cyclic AMP | is made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase, which then activates another protein, usually protein kinase A | 11 | |
| 724847267 | adenylyl cylase | converts ATP to cAMP in response to a extracellular signal | 12 | |
| 724847268 | DAG | diacylglycerol - stimulates a response, considered a second messenger | 13 | |
| 724847269 | IP3 | inositol triphosphate - one case in the book states that IP3 stimulates the release of Calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (FIG 11.14) | 14 | |
| 724847270 | diacylglycerol | the full form of DAG, this will be memorized (see DAG) | 15 | |
| 724847271 | inositol triphosphate | the full form of IP3, this will be memorized (see IP3) | 16 | |
| 724847272 | scaffolding proteins | large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached | 17 | |
| 724847273 | cell division | the reproduction of cells | 18 | |
| 724847274 | cell cycle | the life of a cell from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two | 19 | |
| 724847275 | genome | a cell's endowment of DNA, or genetic information | 20 | |
| 724847276 | chromosomes | DNA is packaged into chromosomal packs | 21 | |
| 724847277 | somatic cells | all body cells except the reproductive cells | 22 | |
| 724847278 | How many chromosomes in somatic cells? | 46 | 23 | |
| 724847279 | gametes | reproductive cells (not somatic cells) | 24 | |
| 724847280 | How many chromosomes in gametes? | 23 | 25 | |
| 724847281 | chromatin | DNA-protein complex in chromosome | 26 | |
| 724847282 | sister chromatids | two chromatids with identical copies of the chromosome's DNA molecule | 27 | |
| 724847283 | centromere | condensed part of the chromosome | 28 | |
| 724847284 | mitosis | the division of the cell's nucleus | 29 | |
| 724847285 | cytokinesis | the division of the cell's cytoplasm | 30 | |
| 724847286 | mitotic (M) phase | includes both mitosis and cytokinesis - shortest part of cell cycle | 31 | |
| 724847287 | interphase | during this phase the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division - 90% of the cell cycle | 32 | |
| 724847288 | G1 Phase | the initial growth phase | 33 | |
| 724847289 | S Phase | continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes | 34 | |
| 724847290 | G2 Phase | grows more in preparation for cell division and then divides in M phase | 35 | |
| 724847291 | prophase | chromatin become more coiled, the nucleoli disappears, spindle begins to form, centromeres move away from each other | 36 | |
| 724847292 | prometaphase | the second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. | 37 | |
| 724847293 | metaphase | the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle | 38 | |
| 724847294 | anaphase | the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle | 39 | |
| 724847295 | telophase | the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes | 40 | |
| 724847296 | mitotic spindle | an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. | 41 | |
| 724847297 | centrosome | small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus | 42 | |
| 724847298 | kinetochore | a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape | 43 | |
| 724847299 | metaphase plate | an imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles | 44 | |
| 724847300 | cleavage | the process by which cytokinesis occurs | 45 | |
| 724847301 | cleavage furrow | the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate | 46 | |
| 724847302 | cell plate | a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis | 47 | |
| 724847303 | binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size | 48 | |
| 724847304 | origin of replication | site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides | 49 | |
| 724847305 | cell cycle control system | a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle | 50 | |
| 724847306 | checkpoint (cell cycle) | critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle | 51 | |
| 724847307 | cyclin | one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells - gets its name from its cyclic nature of concentration | 52 | |
| 724847308 | cyclin-dependent-kinases | enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle - (CDks) | 53 | |
| 724847309 | growth factor | a protein released by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide | 54 | |
| 724847310 | density-dependent inhibition | the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another | 55 | |
| 724847311 | anchorage dependence | the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface | 56 | |
| 724847312 | transformation (cancer) | the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell | 57 | |
| 724847313 | tumor | a mass of abnormal cells that develop when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably within normal tissue | 58 | |
| 724847314 | benign tumor | a mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin | 59 | |
| 724847315 | malignant tumor | a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs | 60 | |
| 724847316 | metastasis | the spreading of a disease to another part of the body | 61 | |
| 724847317 | Shreyas Tallamraju | Greatness | 62 |
