Goes over chapters two, three, and four in the 8th edition of the Campbell Reece AP Biology textbook.
Terms : Hide Images
| 785949516 | Essential elements | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Make up 96% of living matter | |
| 785949517 | Trace elements | Required by an organism in only minute quantities (iron, iodine) | |
| 785949518 | Nonpolar covalent bonds | When the electrons being shared are shared equally between the two atoms. | |
| 785949519 | Polar covalent bonds | One atom has greater electronegativity than the other | |
| 785949520 | Hydrogen Bonds | Relatively weak bonds that form between positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the strongly electronegative oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule | |
| 785949521 | Van der Waals interactions | Are VERY weak, transient connections that are the result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule. Contribute to the 3D shape of larger molecules. | |
| 785949522 | Cohesion | Linking of like molecules | |
| 785949523 | Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another | |
| 785949524 | Transpiration | The movement of water molecules up the thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomates in plants. Water molecules cling to each other by COHESION, and to the walls of the xylem by ADHESION. | |
| 785949525 | Buffers | Substances that minimize changes in pH. They accept H+ from solution when they are in excess and donate H+ when they are depleted. | |
| 785949526 | Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) | An important buffer in living systems. Moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean. | |
| 785949527 | Isomers | Molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in structure. | |
| 785949528 | Functional groups | attached to the carbon skeleton and have diverse properties. The behavior of organic molecules is dependent on the identity of their functional group. Examples: Hydroxyl; helps dissolve sugars. Carboxyl; source of H+ | |
| 785949529 | Dehydration synthesis | Create polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing a molecule of water. | |
| 785949530 | Hydrolysis | Water is added to split larger molecules. | |
| 785949531 | Monomers of the four organic compounds | Carbohydrates-monosaccharide Protein-amino acid Lipid-fatty acid Nucleic Acid-nucleotide | |
| 785949532 | Examples of polysaccharides | Starch-found in plants; energy storage Glycogen-the "starch" of vertebrates; energy storage Cellulose-major component of plant cell walls; structural support Chitin-exoskeleton of arthropods | |
| 785949533 | Lipids | All are hydrophobic. Examples are waxes, oils, fats, and steroids. | |
| 785949534 | Fats (what are they made of?) | Also called triglycerides, made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. Hence the term "tri"glyceride | |
| 785949535 | Saturated fatty acids | Have no double bonds, solid at room temp, commonly produced in animals, BAD FOR YOU | |
| 785949536 | Unsaturated fatty acids | Double bonds, liquid at room temp, produced by plants, GOOD STUFF | |
| 785949537 | Adipose cells | In humans and other mammals, fat is stored in these cells | |
| 785949538 | Steroids | Made up of four rings that fuse together. Example is cholesterol, which is a common component of the cell membrane. | |
| 785949539 | Amino acids (what do they contain?) | Contain a central carbon, a carboxyl group, an amino, group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group (variable group). | |
| 785949540 | What links amino acids together? | Peptide bonds. Formed by dehydration synthesis. | |
| 785949541 | Levels of protein structure | Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary | |
| 785949542 | Primary protein structure | Unique sequence in which amino acids are joined | |
| 785949543 | Secondary protein structure (and the two subunits?) | Refers to one of two three dimensional shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding: alpha helix (coiled shape), and beta pleated sheet (accordion shape) | |
| 785949544 | Tertiary protein structure | Results in a complex globular shape due to interactions between R groups. | |
| 785949545 | Quaternary protein structure | Refers to the association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein (hemoglobin) | |
| 785949546 | Chaperonins | Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells. | |
| 785949547 | Nucleotides are made up of...? | A nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil) Pentose (deoxyribose or ribose) Phosphate group |
