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AP BIology DNA Replication Flashcards

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6895234346DNA Replicationthe process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis0
6895234347Transformationa change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell transforming substance- DNA1
6895234348BacteriophagesViruses that infect bacteria Bacteria eaters2
6895234349Virusinfects a cell and takes over the cell's metabolic machinery3
6895234350Hershey and ChaseConcluded that phage DNA entered bacterial host cells, but phage proteins did not, so DNA functions as the genetic material4
6895234351GriffithConcluded that nonpathogenic bacteria transformed into pathogenic bacteria by an unknown, heritable substance from the dead S cells that enabled the R cells to make capsules5
6895234352Chargaff's Lawthe base compostion of DNA varies between species and for each species, the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal to the percentages of the G and C bases6
6895234353Rosalind Franklinaccomplished X-ray crystallographer that discovered the double helix of DNA7
6895234354Watson and CrickCame up with the structural model of DNA8
6895234355Double helixtwo strands9
6895234356Antiparallelsubunits run in opposite directions10
6895234357Nitrogenous bases of DnaA, T, C, G11
6895234358PurinesA and G Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings12
6895234359PyrimidinesC and T Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring13
6895234360Conservative modeltwo parental strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands thus restoring the parental double helix14
6895234361Semiconservative Modelthe two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common15
6895234362Dispersive Modeleach strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA16
6895234363Origins of Replicationshort stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides17
6895234364Replication Forka Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound18
6895234365Helicasesenzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands19
6895234366Single Strand Binding ProteinsBind to the unpaired DNA strands keeping them from repairing20
6895234367TopoisomeraseThe untwisting of double helix causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of replication fork Relieve this strain by breaking swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands21
6895234368PrimerThe initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis is actually a short stretch of RNA22
6895234369PrimaseSynthesizes the primer Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides one at a time, using the parental DNA strand as a template23
6895234370DNA polymerasesEnzyme that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain24
6895234371Leading strandStrand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses DNA pol III25
6895234372Lagging StrandThe strand that DNA pol III works away from the replication fork Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments26
6895234373Okazaki fragmentsSeries of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long27
6895234374DNA Ligasejoins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand28
6895234375DNA pol IIISynthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand29
6895234376DNA pol IRemoves RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides30
6895234377Mismatch repairOther enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors31
6895234378NucleaseDNA cutting enzyme that cuts out the damaged parts of the strand and fills the space with nucleotides using the undamaged strand as a template32
6895234379Nucleotide excision repairDNA repair system where teams of enzymes detect and repair the DNA, the nuclease cuts out the damaged DNA and removes it, fills in the missing nucleotides and the DNA ligase seals the free end of the new DNA to the old DNA making the strand complete33
6895234380TelomeresSpecial nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes TTAGGG is repeated between 100-1000 times Prevent the staggered ends of daughter molecule from activitating cell's system for monitoring DNA damage34
6895234381TelomeraseEnzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells and restores the original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication35
6895234382HistonesProteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin36
6895234383Nucleosomethe basic unit of DNA packing37
6895234384Chromatincomplex of DNA and protein38
6895234385Heterochromatincentromeres and telomeres exist in a highly condensed state with visible irregular clumps making it largely inaccessible39
6895234386Euchromatincentromeres and telomeres exist in a less compacted state that is very accessible40

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