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| 9568409197 | Endocrine System | The internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis. |  | 0 |
| 9568409198 | Endocrine Gland | A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream. | 1 | |
| 9568409199 | Pheromones | A small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. |  | 2 |
| 9568409200 | Epinephrine | a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; mediates "fight or flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline. |  | 3 |
| 9568409201 | Pancreas | A gland with the following dual functions: the non-endocrine portion functions in digestion, secreting enzymes into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood. |  | 4 |
| 9568409202 | Negative Feedback | A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts/inhibits the initial change. |  | 5 |
| 9568409203 | Insulin | A hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis. |  | 6 |
| 9568409204 | Glucagon | A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels. it promotes glycogen break-down and release of glucose by the liver. |  | 7 |
| 9568409205 | Islets of Langerhans | Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormones glucagon (from alpha cells) and insulin (from beta cells). |  | 8 |
| 9568409206 | Diabetes Mellitus | An endocrine disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis. The type 1 form results form autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells; treatment usually requires daily insulin injections. The type 2 form most commonly results from reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin; obesity and lack of exercise are risk factors. |  | 9 |
| 9568409207 | Hypothalamus | The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secrets hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary. |  | 10 |
| 9568409208 | Pituitary Gland | Master gland found at the base of the hypothalamus |  | 11 |
| 9568409209 | Posterior Pituitary | gland that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones. |  | 12 |
| 9568409210 | Anterior Pituitary | gland that synthesizes and secretes several tropic and nontropic hormones | 13 | |
| 9568409211 | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | A peptide hormone that promotes water retention by the kidneys. Produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. Also has activities in the brain. |  | 14 |
| 9568409212 | Tropic Hormone | A hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target. |  | 15 |
| 9568409213 | GH (Growth Hormone) | A hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary and that has both direct (nontropic) and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues. |  | 16 |
| 9568409214 | Adrenal Gland | located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals. Endocrine cells in the outer portion (cortex) respond to this by secreting steroid hormones that help maintain homeostasis during long-term stress. Neurosecretory cells in the central portion (medulla) secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to nervous inputs triggered by short-term stress. |  | 17 |
| 9568409215 | Androgen | Any steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. | 18 | |
| 9568409216 | Estrogen | Any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |  | 19 |
| 9568409217 | Progesterone | A steroid hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy; the major progestin in mammals. | | 20 |
| 9568409219 | G-protein | A cell surface receptor associated with an intracellular protein that binds and hydrolyzes GTP. When GTP is bound, the protein is active, and can regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase; this modifies the intracellular levels of second messenger cAMP. When the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, the protein becomes inactive again. | 21 | |
| 9568409220 | signal transduction pathway | a series of molecular changes that convert a signal on the target cell's surface to a specific response within the cell; crucial to many cellular functions | 22 | |
| 9568409221 | protein kinase | a general term for enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them | 23 | |
| 9568409222 | autocrine | chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them | 24 | |
| 9568409223 | paracrine | cell signaling where target is nearby | 25 | |
| 9568409224 | steroid hormone | Lipids that act as chemical messengers; synthesized from cholesterol | 26 | |
| 9568409225 | peptide hormone | Polar hormones incapable of permeating the cell membrane that bind to surface receptors and act through secondary messengers. | 27 | |
| 9568409226 | gene expression | Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein; activation or deactivation of genes | 28 | |
| 9568409227 | positive feedback | A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change. | 29 |
