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| 9453319837 | Aristotle | believed things could be arranged on a "scale of nature", increasing complexity. Organisms were arranged on a ladder. | 0 | |
| 9453321831 | Linnaeus | developed taxonomy, the study of naming & classifying organisms; binomial nomenclature. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus species (scientific name) ex. Homo sapiens | 1 | |
| 9453323879 | Georges Cuvier | father of paleontology, studied sedimentary rocks, believed in extinction and catastrophism. Opposed evolution. | 2 | |
| 9453325984 | James Hutton | developed Gradualism, change happens by a slow, continuous process | 3 | |
| 9453329314 | Charles Lyell | geologic processes have not changed since the beginning of time, rate of erosion has not changed | 4 | |
| 9453331083 | Jean - Baptiste Lamarck | published theory of evolution in 1809 (same year as Darwin's birth). Came up with two ideas: 1)theory of use & disuse: those parts used to cope with the environment become larger/stronger, those not used go away (ex) blacksmith develops larger biceps, giraffes neck stretches to reach trees 2)inheritance of acquired characteristics: changes can be passed on to offspring, dyed hair color NO evidence that acquired characteristics carried on - blacksmiths arm not passed on | 5 | |
| 9453336977 | Charles Darwin | (1809-1882) became clergyman, HMS Beagle voyage around the world, collected different specimens & made observations at all stops during trip. Galapagos Islands - finches, mockingbirds, 1836 - returned from voyage 1844 - wrote an essay on natural selection but did not reveal his discovery 1858 - Alfred Wallace wrote telling that he had found the same discoveries as Darwin; Darwin submitted his essay; published it 1859 On the Origin of Species. 2 main points in paper: 1) species today came from ancestral species 2) developed term "natural selection" populations change over time *uses term descent with modification rather than evolution, he believed that the history of life was like a tree | 6 | |
| 9453345933 | Darwins Main Ideas | 1. Natural selection is differential success in reproduction 2. Natural selection occurs through an interaction between the environment and the variability inherent among the individual organisms making up a population 3. The product of natural selection is the adaptation of populations of organisms to their environment. | 7 | |
| 9453350113 | Examples of Natural Selection | 1. Insecticide resistant insects - new spray kills 99% of bugs, 1% continue to live and pass on resistant genes, over time few bugs will be resistant 2. Drug resistant bacteria - resistance in individuals occurs early, MRSA | 8 | |
| 9453354156 | Homology | similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestors | 9 | |
| 9453355940 | Homologous structures | those that contain the same bones but the structures have different functions in different animals. The same bones make up the forelimbs of mammals. (bat wing, human arm, whale flipper) | 10 | |
| 9453356866 | Vestigial organs | those that have little or no value now, but once did. (wisdom teeth, hip bones in snakes, appendix, tonsils) | 11 | |
| 9453358402 | Embryological homologies | embryos of vertebrates look similar have pharyngeal pouches in throat area = gills for fish, Eustacian tubes for people | 12 | |
| 9453360290 | Molecular homologies | comparison of DNA sequences in all organisms | 13 | |
| 9453361921 | F.A.M.E | Fossil Anatomy Molecular Composition Embryology | 14 | |
| 9453364980 | Biogeography | Geographic distribution of species shows evidence for evolution. Islands have endemic species (only found in that place); these may be related or similar to species found on nearby land masses. | 15 | |
| 9453367330 | Fossil Record | prokaryotes eukaryotes Vertebrates: fish amphibians reptiles birds & mammals | 16 | |
| 9453375711 | Gradualism | geologic change results from slow & gradual, continuous process | 17 | |
| 9453378604 | Uniformitarianism | Earth's processes same rate in past & present therefore Earth is very old | 18 | |
| 9453380552 | Hutton and Lyell | gradualism and uniformitarianism | 19 | |
| 9453387008 | natural selection | -natural decides -works on individual -ex: beaks | 20 | |
| 9453388838 | artificial selection | -man decides -selective breeding -inbreeding occurs -ex: dalamations | 21 | |
| 9453393069 | Evolutionary Fitness | Individuals with more favorable phenotypes more likely to survive and produce more offspring, and pass traits to future generations | 22 | |
| 9453398982 | natural selection ideas | Evolution is change in species over time. There is overproduction of offspring, which leads to competition for resources. Heritable variations exist within a population. These variations can result in differential reproductive success. Over generations, this can result in changes in the genetic composition of the population | 23 | |
| 9453403571 | evidence for evolution | Direct Observations Fossil Record Homology Biogeography | 24 | |
| 9453406899 | direct observations | Examples: -Insect populations become resistant to pesticides (DDT) -Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (MRSA) -Peppered moth (pollution in city vs. country) | 25 | |
| 9453410109 | Fossil Record | -Fossils = remains or traces of organisms from past -Found in sedimentary rock -Paleontology: study of fossils -Show evolutionary changes that occur over time and origin of major new groups of organisms | 26 | |
| 9453419063 | analogous structures | similar structures, function in similar environments | 27 | |
| 9453420924 | endemic species | found at a certain geographic location and nowhere else | 28 | |
| 9453427379 | Microevolution | change in the allele frequencies of a population over generations | 29 | |
| 9453429806 | Point mutations | changes in one base (eg. sickle cell) | 30 | |
| 9453431132 | Chromosomal mutations | delete, duplicate, disrupt, rearrange usually harmful | 31 | |
| 9453432517 | Sexual recombination | contributes to most of genetic variation in a population 1. Crossing Over (Meiosis - Prophase I) 2. Independent Assortment of Chromosomes (during meiosis) 3. Random Fertilization (sperm + egg) | 32 | |
| 9453436040 | Population genetics | study of how populations change genetically over time | 33 | |
| 9453437331 | Population | group of individuals that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring | 34 | |
| 9453438783 | Gene pool | all of the alleles for all genes in all the members of the population -Diploid species: 2 alleles for a gene (homozygous/heterozygous) | 35 | |
| 9453440402 | Fixed allele | all members of a population only have 1 allele for a particular trait -The more fixed alleles a population has, the LOWER the species' diversity | 36 | |
| 9453441634 | Hardy-Weinberg Theorum | The allele and genotype frequencies of a population will remain constant from generation to generation | 37 | |
| 9453442983 | Equilibrium | allele and genotype frequencies remain constant | 38 | |
| 9453446516 | conditions for H W Equilibrium | No mutations. Random mating. No natural selection. Extremely large population size. No gene flow. | 39 | |
| 9453448244 | Allele Frequencies | Gene with 2 alleles : p, q | 40 | |
| 9453448245 | p | frequency of dominant allele (A) | 41 | |
| 9453448246 | q | frequency of recessive allele (a) | 42 | |
| 9453453556 | Genotypic Frequencies | 3 genotypes (AA, Aa, aa) | 43 | |
| 9453454800 | p squared | AA (homozygous dominant) | 44 | |
| 9453454801 | 2pq | Aa (heterozygous) | 45 | |
| 9453454802 | q squared | (homozygous recessive) | 46 | |
| 9453463640 | minor causes of evolution | 1. Mutations Rare, very small changes in allele frequencies 2. Nonrandom mating Affect genotypes, but not allele frequencies | 47 | |
| 9453465053 | major causes of evolution | Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow | 48 | |
| 9453468683 | Genetic Drift | Small populations have greater chance of fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to another ex: founder effect, bottleneck effect | 49 | |
| 9453471039 | Founder Effect | -A few individuals isolated from larger population -Certain alleles under/over represented | 50 | |
| 9453472792 | Bottleneck Effect | Sudden change in environment drastically reduces population size | 51 | |
| 9453475738 | Gene Flow | Movement of fertile individuals between populations Gain/lose alleles Reduce genetic differences between populations | 52 | |
| 9453478653 | alter frequency caused by natural selection | 1. Directional selection 2. Disruptive (diversifying) selection 3. Stabilizing selection | 53 | |
| 9453480333 | Directional Selection | ex: larger black bears survive extreme cold better than small ones | 54 | |
| 9453481867 | Disruptive Selection | ex: small beaks for small seeds; large beaks for large seeds | 55 | |
| 9453481868 | Stabilizing Selection | ex: narrow range of human birth weight | 56 | |
| 9453485403 | Sexual dimorphism | difference between 2 sexes -Size, color, ornamentation, behavior | 57 | |
| 9453486922 | Intrasexual | selection within same sex (eg. M compete with other M) | 58 | |
| 9453487896 | Intersexual | mate choice (eg. F choose showy M) | 59 | |
| 9453489685 | Diploidy | hide recessive alleles that are less favorable | 60 | |
| 9453490763 | Heterozygote advantage | greater fitness than homozygotes -ex: Sickle cell disease | 61 | |
| 9453496240 | Species | population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring -Reproductively compatible | 62 | |
| 9453498409 | Reproductive isolation | barriers that prevent members of 2 species from producing viable, fertile hybrids | 63 | |
| 9453499536 | Prezygotic Barriers | -Impede mating/fertilization Types: -Habitat isolation -Temporal isolation -Behavioral isolation -Mechanical isolation -Gametic isolation | 64 | |
| 9453501261 | Postzygotic Barriers | -Prevent hybrid zygote from developing into viable adult Types: -Reduced hybrid viability -Reduced hybrid fertility -Hybrid breakdown | 65 | |
| 9453504396 | Morphological | by body shape, size, and other structural features | 66 | |
| 9453504397 | Ecological | niche/role in community | 67 | |
| 9453505543 | Phylogenetic | share common ancestry, branch on tree of life | 68 | |
| 9453508261 | Allopatric Speciation | "other" "homeland" -geographically isolated populations -caused by geologic events or processes -evolves by natural selection and genetic drift | 69 | |
| 9453515117 | sympatric speciation | "together""homeland" -overlapping populations within home range -gene flow between subpopulations blocked by polyploidy, sexual selection, and habitat differentiation | 70 | |
| 9453522055 | Autopolyploid | extra sets of chromosomes -Failure of cell division (2n 4n) | 71 | |
| 9453523073 | Allopolyploid | 2 species produce a hybrid -Species A (2n=6) + Species B (2n=4) Hybrid (2n=10) | 72 | |
| 9453525562 | adaptive radiation | Many new species arise from a single common ancestor Occurs when: -A few organisms make way to new, distant areas (allopatric speciation) -Environmental change extinctions new niches for survivors | 73 | |
| 9453528342 | Hybrid Zones | -Incomplete reproductive barriers -Possible outcomes: reinforcement, fusion, stability | 74 | |
| 9453530204 | Gradualism | -Common ancestor -Slow, constant change | 75 | |
| 9453531503 | Punctuated Equilibrium | -Eldridge & Gould -Long period of stasis punctuated by short bursts of significant change | 76 |
