This set covers the most essential topics related to the biological process of natural selection as covered in AP Biology.
Terms : Hide Images
| 8825886285 | Gene Pool | All alleles in a population. | 0 | |
| 8825886286 | Allele | A specific form of a gene at a given locus on a chromosome. | 1 | |
| 8825886287 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | Theoretically, the gene pool should remain static as long as none of the conditions of _______________ are violated. | 2 | |
| 8825886288 | Large population size, random mating, lack of mutations, lack of migration, no selection | The five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. | 3 | |
| 8825886289 | Natural Selection | The biological process by which organisms thrive or die off based on having preferential or non-preferential genotypes, either through natural or human-induced means. |  | 4 |
| 8825886290 | Differential Reproductive Success | The concept that organisms with higher fitness will reproduce more, and therefore be considered more successful than organisms with lower fitness. | 5 | |
| 8825886291 | Fitness | Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment | 6 | |
| 8825886292 | Adaptation | A trait of an organism that is maintained and acquired through the means of natural selection. | 7 | |
| 8825886293 | Charles Darwin | Natural selection is commonly believed to have been first discovered by _______________. | 8 | |
| 8825886294 | Mutation | A change in the genetic material not caused by recombination | 9 | |
| 8825886295 | The equation p² + 2pq + q²=1 is the equation for ______________, with p and q representing the frequencies of the __________ and __________ alleles respectively. | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, dominant, recessive. | 10 | |
| 8825886296 | Population | A group of individuals of a single species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area at the same time. | 11 | |
| 8825886297 | Gene flow | Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population | 12 | |
| 8825886298 | Genetic drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. | 13 | |
| 8825886299 | Population Bottleneck | The result of an event that causes a population to become extremely small; may cause genetic drift that results in changed allele frequencies and loss of genetic variability | 14 | |
| 8825886300 | Founder effect | Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population. | 15 | |
| 8825886301 | Sexual selection | A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. | 16 | |
| 8825886302 | qualitative traits | Traits that are controlled by 1 or 2 gene | 17 | |
| 8825886303 | quantitative traits | Traits that show continuous variation because they are influenced by multiple alleles at more than one locus. (i.e.: height, intelligence, athleticism) | 18 | |
| 8825886304 | Stabilizing selection | Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes | 19 | |
| 8825886305 | Directional selection | Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve | 20 | |
| 8825886306 | Disruptive selection | Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes. | 21 | |
| 8825886307 | Heterozygote advantage | Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. | 22 | |
| 8825886308 | purifying selection | Natural selection that removes deleterious variants of a DNA or protein sequence, thus reducing genetic diversity | 23 | |
| 8825886309 | positive selection | Process in which advantageous genetic variants quickly increase in frequency in a population | 24 | |
| 8825886310 | phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species or group of species. | 25 | |
| 8825886311 | phylogenetic tree | diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor | 26 | |
| 8825886312 | lineage | direct descent from an ancestor; derivation | 27 | |
| 8825886313 | ancestral | Characteristics that define a group of organisms that are due to shared ancestry | 28 | |
| 8825886314 | node | a split in a phylogenetic tree when one lineage diverges into two. | 29 | |
| 8825886315 | taxon | A classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin | 30 | |
| 8825886316 | clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. | 31 | |
| 8825886317 | homologous | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. | 32 | |
| 8825886318 | derived trait | New feature that had not appeared in common ancestors | 33 | |
| 8825886319 | vertebrate | An animal with a backbone | 34 | |
| 8825886320 | convergent evolution | The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment | 35 | |
| 8825886321 | morphology | Form and structure of an organism or any of its parts | 36 | |
| 8825886322 | notochord | a flexible, supportive rod running longitudinally through the dorsum ventral to the nerve cord; found in lower chordates and in the embryos of vertebrates | 37 | |
| 8825886323 | amniote | Tetrapods that produce an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo: mammals, birds, and reptiles | 38 | |
| 8825886324 | chordate | The phylum whose members have a notochord, a nerve cord, and slits in their throat area at some point in their lives. | 39 | |
| 8825886325 | tetrapod | A vertebrate possessing two pairs of limbs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals | 40 | |
| 8825886326 | bilateral symmetry | body plan in which a single imaginary line can divide the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of one another | 41 | |
| 8825886327 | angiosperm | Flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit | 42 | |
| 8825886328 | gymnosperm | a plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. Conifers, cycads, and ginkgo. | 43 | |
| 8825886329 | paleontology | The study of fossils | 44 | |
| 8825886330 | binomial nomenclature | A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name | 45 | |
| 8825886331 | phyla | the second largest taxonomic category in the animal kingdom In classification, the taxonomic category above class and below kingdom. | 46 | |
| 8825886332 | domain | A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. | 47 | |
| 8825886333 | species | A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. | 48 | |
| 8825886334 | speciation | Formation of a new species | 49 | |
| 8825886335 | reproductive isolation | Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | 50 | |
| 8825886336 | gamete incompatibility | occurs when sperm from one species cannot fertilize egges of another | 51 | |
| 8825886337 | allopatric speciation | The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. | 52 | |
| 8825886338 | sympatric speciation | The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. | 53 | |
| 8825886339 | prezygotic isolating mechanisms | Prevents reproduction by making fertilization unlikely through geographical, ecological, behavioral, or other differences. | 54 | |
| 8825886340 | postzygotic isolating mechanisms | Factor that prevents a hybrid zygote from developing, or prevents hybrid offspring from reproducing; operates after fertilization | 55 | |
| 8825886341 | sympatry | Condition in which two or more populations live in the same geographic area, or close enough to permit interbreeding. | 56 | |
| 8825886342 | geographic isolation | Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two separate subspecies | 57 | |
| 8825886343 | Mechanical isolation | pre-zygotic barrier to reproduction; incompatibility of structures involved in delivering or transferring of gametes | 58 | |
| 8825886344 | Temporal isolation | Isolation between populations due to barriers related to time, such as differences in mating periods or differences in the time of day that individuals are most active | 59 | |
| 8825886345 | Behavioral isolation | Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding | 60 | |
| 8825886346 | Habitat isolation | Separation of two or more organisms of the same species living in the same area but in separate habitats, such as in the water and on land | 61 | |
| 8825886347 | Gametic isolation | A prezygotic reproductive barrier where the sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species | 62 | |
| 8825886348 | half-life | Length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay | 63 | |
| 8825886349 | Radiometric dating | The process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products | 64 | |
| 8825886350 | Continental drift | The gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time. | 65 | |
| 8825886351 | evolution | A change in the frequency of an allele within a population over generations. | 66 | |
| 8825886352 | Miller-Urey Experiment | Considered the classic experiment on the origin of life; this experiment performed in the 1950's tested and confirmed the hypothesis that conditions on the primitive Earth favored chemical reactions that synthesized organic molecules from inorganic precursors. | 67 | |
| 8825886353 | RNA world hypothesis | Hypothesis that describes how the Earth may have been filled with RNA-based life before it became filled with the DNA-based life we see today. | 68 | |
| 8825886354 | vestigial structure | Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species. | 69 | |
| 8825886355 | Stanley Miller | Scientist. Performed an experiment that produced amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions | 70 | |
| 8825886356 | reduced hybrid viability | Post-zygotic barrier when the genes of different parent species interact in ways that impair the hybrid's development or survival | 71 | |
| 8825886357 | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species | 8 levels of classification | 72 | |
| 8825886358 | analogous structure | Structures, such as a bat's wing and a fly's wing, that have the same function, but the similarity is superficial and reflects an adaptation to similar environments, not a common ancestry | 73 | |
| 8825886359 | lobe-finned fish | a fish that has fins whose fleshy bases look like limbs | 74 |
