AP Biology Exam Review Guide
Tanner Slagle
#Carter2014
Terms : Hide Images
| 1463019842 | active site (biochemistry) | the region of an enzyme that binds to a protein or to another substance during a reaction, where catalytic activity occurs | 0 | |
| 1463019843 | allosteric site (biochemistry) | site at which a small regulatory molecule interacts with an enzyme to inhibit or active that specific enzyme, binding of allosteric effector is in general noncovalent and reversible | 1 | |
| 1463019844 | amino acid (biochemistry / molecular genetics) | a simple organic compound containing a carboxyl group and an amino group | 2 | |
| 1463019845 | amphipathic (biochemistry / cells) | having both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part | 3 | |
| 1463019846 | anabolic (biochemistry) | All Bikers Cause Ruckus (Anabolic Builds, Catabolic Reduces), the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms form simpler ones together with the storage of energy, constructive metabolism | 4 | |
| 1463019847 | carbohydrate (biochemistry) | large group of organic compounds occuring in foods and living tissues and including sugar, starch, and cellulose, contain hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio, can be broken down to release energy into the animal body | 5 | |
| 1463019848 | carbon (biochemistry) | building blocks of organic life, C14 is commonly used as a radioactive isotope in artificial situation | 6 | |
| 1463019849 | catabolic (biochemistry) | All Bikers Cause Ruckus (Anabolic Builds, Catabolic Reduces), acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy-requiring reactions that make up or equal that of anabolic reactions, destructive metabolism | 7 | |
| 1463019850 | catalyst (biochemistry) | substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change | 8 | |
| 1463019851 | coenzyme (biochemistry) | a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme | 9 | |
| 1463019852 | denaturation (biochemistry) | process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native states, denaturation can occur with a change in temperature, pH, or salinity | 10 | |
| 1463019853 | disaccharide (biochemistry) | any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues | 11 | |
| 1463019854 | hydrogen bond (biochemistry / molecular genetics) | a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other, highly electronegative, diploid forces combine to allow for these bonds to form | 12 | |
| 1463019855 | hydrophilic (biochemistry) | having the tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water | 13 | |
| 1463019856 | hydrophobic (biochemistry) | tending to repel or fail to mix with water | 14 | |
| 1463019857 | ion (biochemistry) | an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons | 15 | |
| 1463019858 | lipid (biochemistry) | class of organic compounds that are fatty acids of their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, lipids are able to cross through cell linings particularly | 16 | |
| 1463019859 | macromolecule (biochemistry) | a molecule containing a very large number of atoms such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids | 17 | |
| 1463019860 | monomer (biochemistry) | a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer | 18 | |
| 1463019861 | monosaccharide (biochemistry) | class o sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar, glucose is an example | 19 | |
| 1463019862 | non-polar molecule (biochemistry) | when there is an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because the symmetrical arrangements of polar bonds in a more complex molecule | 20 | |
| 1463019863 | nucleic acid (biochemistry / molecular genetics) | complex organic substance present in living cells whose molecuels consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain, DNA and RNA are examples | 21 | |
| 1463019864 | nucleotide (biochemistry / molecular genetics) | compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group, form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids | 22 | |
| 1463019865 | organic molecule (biochemistry) | made up of carbon | 23 | |
| 1463019866 | peptide bond (biochemistry) | covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule causing the release of a molecule of water, the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction and usually occurs between amino acids | 24 | |
| 1463019867 | polar molecule (biochemistry) | when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because the the lack of symmetrical arrangements of polar bonds in a more complex molecule | 25 | |
| 1463019868 | polymer (biochemistry) | a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together | 26 | |
| 1463019869 | protein (biochemistry / molecular genetics) | class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, and collagen and like enzymes and antibodies | 27 | |
| 1463019870 | substrate (biochemistry) | a substance or layer that underlies something or on which some process occurs in particular, the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment, the substance on which an enzyme acts | 28 | |
| 1463019871 | water (biochemistry) | basis of the fluids of living organisms, made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom | 29 | |
| 1463019872 | active transport (cells) | movement of ions or molecules across a membrane into a region of higher concentration assisted by enzymes and requiring energy | 30 | |
| 1463019873 | apoptosis (cells) | programmed cell death | 31 | |
| 1463019874 | aquaporin (cells) | a pathway that selectively conducts water molecules in and out of the cell while preventing the passage of ions and other solutions, also known as water channels, integral membrane pore proteins | 32 | |
| 1463019875 | axon (cells) | the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells | 33 | |
| 1463019876 | carrier protein (cells) | integral and intrinsic membrane proteins, exist within the span of the membrane across which they transport substances, assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport | 34 | |
| 1463019877 | cell wall (cells) | rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria, mainly consists of cellulose in algae and higher plants | 35 | |
| 1463019878 | centrioles (cells / cell cycle and heredity) | a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs, involved int eh development of spindle fibers in cell divison | 36 | |
| 1463019879 | channel protein (cells) | also known as ion channels, pore-forming membrane proteins whose function includes establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potential, and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane, also controls the flow of ions across the secretory divides | 37 | |
| 1463019880 | chloroplast (cells / energy and metabolism) | a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place in plants, makes energy | 38 | |
| 1463019881 | concentration gradient (cells) | the gradual difference in the concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and a region of lower density | 39 | |
| 1463019882 | cytoplasm (cells) | the material or protoplasm within a living cell excluding the nucleus | 40 | |
| 1463019883 | cytoskeleton (cells) | a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that give them shape and coherence | 41 | |
| 1463019884 | dendrites (cells) | a short branched extension of a nerve cell along which impulses are received from other cells at the synapses and transmitted to the cell body | 42 | |
| 1463019885 | depolarization (cells) | positive-going change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more positive, sometimes enough depolarization may result in an action potential | 43 | |
| 1463019886 | diffusion (cells) | the spreading of something to make for a more equal distribution | 44 | |
| 1463019887 | endocytosis (cells) | the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole | 45 | |
| 1463019888 | endoplasmic reticulum (cells) | usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis depending on the type of endoplasmic reticulum | 46 | |
| 1463019889 | golgi apparatus/body/complex (cells) | folded membrane, involved in secretion and in intracellular packaging and transport | 47 | |
| 1463019890 | hypertonic (cells) | having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid | 48 | |
| 1463019891 | hypotonic (cells) | having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid | 49 | |
| 1463019892 | isotonic (cells) | having the same osmotic pressure than a particular fluid | 50 | |
| 1463019893 | ligand (cells) | a molecule that binds to another molecule | 51 | |
| 1463019894 | lysosome (cells) | contains digestive enzymes, aids in the breakdown of cellular materials and waste | 52 | |
| 1463019895 | membrane (cells) | a microscopic double layer of lipids and proteins that bounds cells and organelles and form structures within cells, most cells have a phospholipid bilayer | 53 | |
| 1463019896 | mitochondrion (cells / energy and metabolism) | often found in large numbers, where cellular respiration occurs, the more folded layers and critae there are the more energy can be produced because of the increase in surface area, makes energy | 54 | |
| 1463019897 | neuron (cells) | a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses, a nerve cell | 55 | |
| 1463019898 | neurotransmitter (cells) | chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber | 56 | |
| 1463019899 | nuclear envelope (cells) | a membrane system which surrounds the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells | 57 | |
| 1463019900 | phospholipid (cells) | a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule | 58 | |
| 1463019901 | plasma membrane (cells) | a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, also regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm | 59 | |
| 1463019902 | plasmolysis (cells) | contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell | 60 | |
| 1463019903 | polarization (cells) | when there is an unequal charge at one end of a cell caused by the distribution of protons and electrons | 61 | |
| 1463019904 | prokaryotic cell (cells) | a group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, occurred before eukaryotes | 62 | |
| 1463019905 | repolarization (cells) | the change in membrane potential that returns the memebrane potential to a negative value after the depolarization phase of an action potential | 63 | |
| 1463019906 | ribosome (cells) | a minute particle consisting of RNA and protein that is found in large quantities, synthesizes polypeptides and proteins | 64 | |
| 1463019907 | rough endoplasmic reticulum (cells) | endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached to it, synthesizes site-specific proteins and plays a role in cellular transport | 65 | |
| 1463019908 | selectively permeable (cells) | a membrane that only allows certain types of particles in and out of the cell, typical cells have a selectively permeable membrane that allows for small, uncharged, and lipid-based materials to freely pass through | 66 | |
| 1463019909 | smooth endoplasmic reticulum (cells) | endoplasmic reticulum that does not have ribosomes attached to it, synthesizes lipids and breaks down toxins | 67 | |
| 1463019910 | synpase (cells) | a junction between two nerve cells conssiting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by the diffusion of a neurotransmitter | 68 | |
| 1463019911 | exocytosis (cells) | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane | 69 | |
| 1463019912 | eukaryotic cell (cells) | membrane-bound cells that have a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and a place for genetic material to be contained | 70 | |
| 1463019913 | facilitated diffusion (cells) | process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins | 71 | |
| 1463019914 | flagella (cells) | slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa to swim | 72 | |
| 1463019915 | fluid mosaic model (cells) | a model that describes the structure of cell membranes in which a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell | 73 | |
| 1463019916 | nucleus (cells) | powerhouse of the cell, where genetic information is stored | 74 | |
| 1463019917 | organelles (cells) | any number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell | 75 | |
| 1463019918 | osmosis (cells) | the diffusion of water | 76 | |
| 1463019919 | passive transport (cells) | movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes, does not require energy | 77 | |
| 1463019920 | phagocytosis (cells / regulation) | the ingestion of bacteria or other material, cellular eating | 78 | |
| 1463019921 | surface area: volume ratio (cells) | causes biological cells to be limited in size due to the fact that when volume increases so does the surface area, but he surface area increases at a slower rate | 79 | |
| 1463019922 | transmembrane protein (cells) | a type of membrane protein spanning the entirely of the biological membrane, spans form one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane | 80 | |
| 1463019923 | vacuole (cells) | a place for storage within a cell | 81 | |
| 1463019924 | absorption spectrum (energy and metabolism) | a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance showing dark lines or bands due to absorption of specific wavelengths | 82 | |
| 1463019925 | acetly coA (energy and metabolism) | important molecule in metabolism, main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production | 83 | |
| 1463019926 | anabolism (energy and metabolism) | synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy | 84 | |
| 1463019927 | anaerobic metabolism (energy and metabolism) | form of cellular respiration using electron acceptors rather than oxygen | 85 | |
| 1463019928 | ATP (energy and metabolism) | adenosine triphosphate, a high energy molecule | 86 | |
| 1463019929 | ATP synthase (energy and metabolism) | enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of ATP | 87 | |
| 1463019930 | autotroph (energy and metabolism) | an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide | 88 | |
| 1463019931 | Calvin cycle (energy and metabolism) | cycle in which carbon dioxide is converted into sugar | 89 | |
| 1463019932 | cellular respiration (energy and metabolism) | set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP | 90 | |
| 1463019933 | chemiosmosis (energy and metabolism) | movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electromagnetic gradient | 91 | |
| 1463019934 | chlorophyll (energy and metabolism) | a green pigment present in all green plants and cyanobacteria responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis | 92 | |
| 1463019935 | citric acid / Krebs cycle (energy and metabolism) | sequence of reactions in which living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration, takes place in the mitochondria and consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and water, converts ADP to ATP | 93 | |
| 1463019936 | electron transport chain (energy and metabolism) | series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions | 94 | |
| 1463019937 | FAD/FADH2 (energy and metabolism) | FAD can be reduced into FADH2 to where is can accept two hydrogen attoms | 95 | |
| 1463019938 | feedback inhibition (energy and metabolism) | cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited | 96 | |
| 1463019939 | fermentation (energy and metabolism) | chemical breakdown of substances by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms | 97 | |
| 1463019940 | glycolysis (energy and metabolism) | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvates | 98 | |
| 1463019941 | light dependent reactions (energy and metabolism) | second stage of photosynthesis where carbohydrates from carbon dioxide are produced using the energy formed generated during the first stage of photosynthesis | 99 | |
| 1463019942 | light independent reactions (energy and metabolism) | chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose, occur in the stroma outside the thylakoid membranes | 100 | |
| 1463019943 | metabolic pathways (energy and metabolism) | chemical reactions occurring within a cell | 101 | |
| 1463019944 | NAD/NADH (energy and metabolism) | the balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of NAD and NADH, this ratio is important to the redox state of a cell that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of the cells | 102 | |
| 1463019945 | NADP/NADPH (energy and metabolism) | in photosynthesis NADPH is produced in the last step of the electron transport chain of the light reaction through NADP and is used as a reducing power for the Calvin Cycle to assimilate carbon dioxide | 103 | |
| 1463019946 | oxidative phosphorylation (energy and metabolism) | metabolic pathway that uses energy released by eh oxidation of nutrients in the mitochondria to produce ATP | 104 | |
| 1463019947 | photolysis (energy and metabolism) | the decomposition or separation of molecules by the action of light | 105 | |
| 1463019948 | photosynthesis (energy and metabolism) | the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water, generally involves chlorophyll and generatd oxygen as a byproduct | 106 | |
| 1463019949 | photosystem I (energy and metabolism) | occurs second, makes NADPH | 107 | |
| 1463019950 | photosystem II (energy and metabolism) | occurs first, captures light in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast, makes ATP using electrons from the light | 108 | |
| 1463019951 | pyruvate (energy and metabolism) | product of glycolysis, synthesized by many metabolic pathways | 109 | |
| 1463019952 | stroma (energy and metabolism) | the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast | 110 | |
| 1463019953 | substrate-level phosphorylation (energy and metabolism) | type of metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl group to ADP or GDP | 111 | |
| 1463019954 | thylakoid membrane (energy and metabolism) | a bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, site of light-dependent reactions, thylakoids consist of thylakoid membranes that surround a thylakoid | 112 | |
| 1463019955 | anaphase (cell cycle and heredity) | stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move from one pole to the other via spindles | 113 | |
| 1463019956 | autosomal (cell cycle and heredity) | gene-linked, can be passed down through the family | 114 | |
| 1463019957 | cancer (cell cycle and heredity) | uncontrolled cell growth | 115 | |
| 1463019958 | cell cycle (cell cycle and heredity) | G1 S G2 M G0orG1 | 116 | |
| 1463019959 | cell division (cell cycle and heredity) | the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material | 117 | |
| 1463019960 | chromosome (cell cycle and heredity) | threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells carrying genetic information in the form of genes | 118 | |
| 1463019961 | codominance (cell cycle and heredity) | when parts are represented equally (red and white are both present) | 119 | |
| 1463019962 | crossing over (cell cycle and heredity) | exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring | 120 | |
| 1463019963 | crossover frequency (cell cycle and heredity) | rate at which crossing over occurs, how much material of each parent is taken and given to an offspring | 121 | |
| 1463019964 | cyclin-depdendent kinase (cell cycle and heredity) | CDKs are directly involved in cell cycle regulation, require cyclin and kinase in order to function | 122 | |
| 1463019965 | cytokinesis (cell cycle and heredity) | cytoplasmic division of a cell at the ends of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daugheter cells | 123 | |
| 1463019966 | diploid (cell cycle and heredity) | 2n, having two complete sets of chromosomes with one coming from each parent | 124 | |
| 1463019967 | dominant (cell cycle and heredity) | the trait that is more likely to be shown and can mask a recessive trait even in heterozygous situations | 125 | |
| 1463019968 | F1/F2 generation (cell cycle and heredity) | offspring of the P generation | 126 | |
| 1463019969 | fertilization (cell cycle and heredity) | when a sperm reaches an egg in somatic cells | 127 | |
| 1463019970 | gamete (cell cycle and heredity) | a mature haploid female germ cell or male sperm cell before they unite to form a fertilized zygote required for reproduction | 128 | |
| 1463019971 | genotype (cell cycle and heredity) | the genetic makeup of an organism based on what was inherited | 129 | |
| 1463019972 | haploid (cell cycle and heredity) | 1n, having only one set of chromosomes | 130 | |
| 1463019973 | heterozygous (cell cycle and heredity) | Aa, when you have one dominant and one recessive allele | 131 | |
| 1463019974 | homozygous (cell cycle and heredity) | AA or aa, when you have either two dominant alleles or two recessive allels | 132 | |
| 1463019975 | incomplete dominance (cell cycle and heredity) | when one allele does not completely dominate another allele and results in a new phenotype | 133 | |
| 1463019976 | independent assortment (cell cycle and heredity) | theory by Gregor Mendel that allele pairs separate | 134 | |
| 1463019977 | homologous chromosomes (cell cycle and heredity) | 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but code for different traits in their allelic forms since one was inherited from the mother and the other from the father | 135 | |
| 1463019978 | interphase (cell cycle and heredity) | the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell between the two sections of mitosis-like behavior that make up meiosis | 136 | |
| 1463019979 | meiosis (cell cycle and heredity) | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell such as in the production of gametes and plant spores | 137 | |
| 1463019980 | metaphase (cell cycle and heredity) | second stage of cell division between prophase and anaphase, when the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers | 138 | |
| 1463019981 | mitosis (cell cycle and heredity) | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus | 139 | |
| 1463019982 | nuclear division (cell cycle and heredity) | when two daughter nuclei are produced from the single nucleus that turns a diploid into a haploid, happens in mitosis and cytokinesis during the M phase | 140 | |
| 1463019983 | phenotype (cell cycle and heredity) | the physical appearance of traits | 141 | |
| 1463019984 | prophase (cell cycle and heredity) | first stage of cell division before metaphase during which the chromosomes become visible and paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears | 142 | |
| 1463019985 | recessive (cell cycle and heredity) | the trait that is less likely to be shown and can be masked by a dominant trait in heterozygous situations, must have to recessive alleles in order to be shown phenotypically | 143 | |
| 1463019986 | recombination (cell cycle and heredity) | the rearrangement of genetic material in situations of crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms | 144 | |
| 1463019987 | segregation (cell cycle and heredity) | when two alleles for a heritable characteristics separate during gametic formation and end up in different gametes | 145 | |
| 1463019988 | sex chromosome (cell cycle and heredity) | a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically favors one of two kinds such as male or female | 146 | |
| 1463019989 | sex-linked (cell cycle and heredity) | can be referred to as x-linked in some situations, tending to be associated with one sex or the other and is carried by a sex-chromosome | 147 | |
| 1463019990 | somatic cell (cell cycle and heredity) | any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cell | 148 | |
| 1463019991 | synapsis (cell cycle and heredity) | the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis | 149 | |
| 1463019992 | synthesis (cell cycle and heredity) | as in artificial gene synthesis, a method used to create desired and artificial genes in a laboratory based on solid-phase DNA synthesis | 150 | |
| 1463019993 | telophase (cell cycle and heredity) | the final phase of cell division between anaphase and interphase in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed | 151 | |
| 1463019994 | anticodon (molecular genetics) | a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule corresponding to a complementary codon in mRNA | 152 | |
| 1463019995 | base-pairing rules (molecular genetics) | constraints imposed by the molecular structure of DNA and RNA on the formation of hydrogen bonds among the four purine and pyrimidine bases such as A goes with T or U and G goes with C | 153 | |
| 1463019996 | cell differentiation (molecular genetics) | when a cell become specialized in order to perform a specific function as in the case of a liver cell, blood cell, or neuron | 154 | |
| 1463019997 | coding strand (molecular genetics) | DNA strand with the same sequence as the transcribed mRNA and containing the linear array of codons which interact with anticodons of tRNA during translation to give the primary sequence of a protein | 155 | |
| 1463019998 | codon (molecular genetics) | a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule | 156 | |
| 1463019999 | DNA (molecular genetics) | deoxyribose nucleic acid, double stranded, basis of genetic coding | 157 | |
| 1463020000 | DNA ligase (molecular genetics) | enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond | 158 | |
| 1463020001 | DNA polymerase (molecular genetics) | enzyme that is responsible for making new copies of DNA | 159 | |
| 1463020002 | DNA replication (molecular genetics) | the process of making an identical copy of a section of duplex DNA using the existing DNA as a template strand for the synthesis of more DNA | 160 | |
| 1463020003 | exons (molecular genetics) | segment of DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence | 161 | |
| 1463020004 | genetic code (molecular genetics) | nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells | 162 | |
| 1463020005 | helicase (molecular genetics) | enzyme that uses the energy derived from the hydrolysis of to unwind the double-stranded structure of nucleic acids | 163 | |
| 1463020006 | inducible genes (molecular genetics) | a family of GPI-anchored cell surface proteins that function as ligands for the mouse activating NKG2D receptor | 164 | |
| 1463020007 | introns (molecular genetics) | segment of DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes | 165 | |
| 1463020008 | lagging strand (molecular genetics) | the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the leading strand, goes from 3' to 5' | 166 | |
| 1463020009 | leading strand (molecular genetics) | the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the lagging strand, goes from 5' to 3' | 167 | |
| 1463020010 | micro RNA / miRNA (molecular genetics) | small noncoding RNA molecule found in plants, animals, and some viruses which functions in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression | 168 | |
| 1463020011 | mutation (molecular genetics) | the changing of the structure of a gene resultng in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA including the deletion, insertion, or rearrangements of large sections of genes and chromosomes | 169 | |
| 1463020012 | Okazaki fragments (molecular genetics) | short newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication | 170 | |
| 1463020013 | replication fork (molecular genetics) | what is created after helicase unwinds the double-stranded structure, composed of leading and lagging strands | 171 | |
| 1463020014 | repressor (molecular genetics / regulation) | a substance that acts on an operon to inhibit mRNA syntehsis | 172 | |
| 1463020015 | RNA (molecular genetics) | ribose nucleic acid, single stranded, basis of protein formation | 173 | |
| 1463020016 | mRNA (molecular genetics) | messenger RNA, carries messages from the DNA to the ribosomes | 174 | |
| 1463020017 | rRNA (molecular genetics) | ribosomal RNA, part of the ribosome's structure | 175 | |
| 1463020018 | tRNA (molecular genetics) | transfer RNA, bonds to amino acids and carries them to the ribosomes | 176 | |
| 1463020019 | start stop and codon (molecular genetics) | a nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals a termination of translation | 177 | |
| 1463020020 | template strand (molecular genetics) | the strand of DNA that replication is based on | 178 | |
| 1463020021 | transcription (molecular genetics) | the copying of DNA from the template strand aided by enzymes | 179 | |
| 1463020022 | transcription factors (molecular genetics / regulation) | a diverse family of proteins that generally function in subunit protein complexes, may bind directly to special promoter regions of DNA that lie upstream of the coding region in a gene or near the RNA polymerase | 180 | |
| 1463020023 | translation (molecular genetics) | process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins, part of the process of gene expression | 181 | |
| 1463020024 | adaption (evolution) | the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment | 182 | |
| 1463020025 | bottleneck effect (evolution) | a catastrophic event that suddenly curtails the population in an area | 183 | |
| 1463020026 | common ancestor (evolution) | the belief that all current inhabitants are linked back to a shared common derivate, known as the common ancestor | 184 | |
| 1463020027 | cladogram (evolution) | a branching diagram showing the relationship between a number of species | 185 | |
| 1463020028 | evolution (evolution) | descent with modification, gradual change over time | 186 | |
| 1463020029 | gene flow (evolution) | also known as migration, transfer alleles or genes from one population to another, changes in gene flow correspond to changes in gene frequency | 187 | |
| 1463020030 | gene pool (evolution) | the total genes that are available in an environment | 188 | |
| 1463020031 | genetic drift (evolution) | variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce | 189 | |
| 1463020032 | geographic isolation (evolution) | when a population of animals, plants, or organisms are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species | 190 | |
| 1463020033 | fitness (evolution) | being able to reproduce and live in order to pass on your genes | 191 | |
| 1463020034 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (evolution) | large populations, no gene flow, no mutations, random mating, no natural selections, represented by the formulas p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 | 192 | |
| 1463020035 | natural selection (evolution) | the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring | 193 | |
| 1463020036 | morphology (evolution) | the branch of biology that deals with the forms of living organisms and with the relationships between their structures | 194 | |
| 1463020037 | phylogenetic tree (evolution) | branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships, or phylogeny, among various biological species or other entities | 195 | |
| 1463020038 | reproductive isolation (evolution) | a collection of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring or which ensure that any offspring that may be produced is not evolutionarily fit or viable | 196 | |
| 1463020039 | speciation (evolution) | the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution | 197 | |
| 1463020040 | variation (evolution) | any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused by their genetic differences or by the effect of environmental factors on the expression of the genetic potentials | 198 | |
| 1463020041 | apex predator (ecology) | predators with few to no predators of their own | 199 | |
| 1463020042 | biomagnification (ecology) | concentrations of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely distributed | 200 | |
| 1463020043 | biomass (ecology) | the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume | 201 | |
| 1463020044 | carrying capacity (ecology) | the population that an ecosystem can support | 202 | |
| 1463020045 | carnivore (ecology) | meat eaters | 203 | |
| 1463020046 | commensalism (ecology) | an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm | 204 | |
| 1463020047 | competition (ecology) | the act or process of trying to get or win something, in most cases there is a competition for resources that are often seen as a limiting factor | 205 | |
| 1463020048 | consumer (ecology) | a player in an ecosystem that utilizes the energy from something else | 206 | |
| 1463020049 | density-dependent (ecology) | limiting factors that depend on the population size when looking at its effects, examples are diseases | 207 | |
| 1463020050 | density-independent (ecology) | limiting factors that do not depend on the population size when looking at its effects, examples are natural disasters | 208 | |
| 1463020051 | decomposer (ecology) | a player in an ecosystem that breaks down things and returns nutrients back into the environemnt | 209 | |
| 1463020052 | detritivore (ecology) | an animal that feeds on dead organic material | 210 | |
| 1463020053 | energy pyramid (ecology) | a visual representation of the flow of energy in a food chain, the 10 percent rule is applied in most situations meaning that roughly 10 percent of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level | 211 | |
| 1463020054 | exponential growth (ecology) | population that grows without bounds for the entire time and is characterized by Rmax in the formula | 212 | |
| 1463020055 | food chain (ecology) | a visual representation of the direct flow of energy from one participant in an ecosystem to another | 213 | |
| 1463020056 | food web (ecology) | a visual representation of the total flow of energy from all participants in the ecosystem to the others | 214 | |
| 1463020057 | herbivore (ecology) | plant eaters | 215 | |
| 1463020058 | heterotroph (ecology) | an organism that derives its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances | 216 | |
| 1463020059 | logistic growth (ecology) | population that grows without bounds until carrying capacity is reached and is characterized by K in the formula | 217 | |
| 1463020060 | mutualism (ecology) | a symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved | 218 | |
| 1463020061 | trophic level (ecology) | each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem comproised of organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy | 219 | |
| 1463020062 | parasitism (ecology) | non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host | 220 | |
| 1463020063 | population (ecology) | all of the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country | 221 | |
| 1463020064 | predation (ecology) | the preying of one animal on others, the action of attacking or plundering | 222 | |
| 1463020065 | primary productivity (ecology) | a term used to describe the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystem | 223 | |
| 1463020066 | producer (ecology) | plants that utilize the sun's energy to make their own food and energy, second most important next to the sun in a food web | 224 | |
| 1463020067 | antibody (regulation) | a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen, combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances, in the blood | 225 | |
| 1463020068 | antigen (regulation) | a toxin or other foreign substance that induced an immune response in the body, especially in the production of antibodies | 226 | |
| 1463020069 | B-cell (regulation) | a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland and responsible for producing antibodies | 227 | |
| 1463020070 | cell-mediated immunity (regulation) | the immune response produced when sensitized T-cells attack foreign antigens and secrete lymphokines that initiate the bod's humoral immune response | 228 | |
| 1463020071 | communication (regulation) | the transfer of information form one molecule, cell, or organism to another through means such as impulses or signaling pahtways | 229 | |
| 1463020072 | cyclic AMP / cAMP (regulation) | secondary messenger vital to signaling pathways | 230 | |
| 1463020073 | cytotoxic T-Cell (regulation) | a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response | 231 | |
| 1463020074 | G-protein linked receptor (regulation) | also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, a type of cell surface protein which responds to the signals once bound to a ligand | 232 | |
| 1463020075 | helper T-cell (regulation) | play an important role in the immune system, adaptive immune system by releasing T-cell cytokines | 233 | |
| 1463020076 | hormone (regulation) | a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action | 234 | |
| 1463020077 | humoral immunity (regulation) | also known as the antibody-mediated immune system, mediated by macromolecules that are found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain microbial peptides | 235 | |
| 1463020078 | inducer (regulation) | a molecule that starts gene expression, binds to repressors or activators, function by disabling repressors, a gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor | 236 | |
| 1463020079 | lytic cycle (regulation) | one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane | 237 | |
| 1463020080 | lysogenic cycle (regulation) | one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formation of a circular replicon in the bacterium's cytoplasm | 238 | |
| 1463020081 | negative feedback (regulation) | when something goes up the production is sped up, more hormones your pregnancy speeds up (pregnancy) | 239 | |
| 1463020082 | operon (regulation) | a unit made up of linked genes that is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis | 240 | |
| 1463020083 | operator (regulation) | a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor protein binds, defined in the lac operon as a segment between the promoter and the genes of the operon | 241 | |
| 1463020084 | phagocyte (regulation) | a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles | 242 | |
| 1463020085 | phosphorylation cascade (regulation) | a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins, can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages | 243 | |
| 1463020086 | positive feedback (regulation) | when something does down the production is sped up, less glucose in the bloodstream more glucagon used (diabetes) | 244 | |
| 1463020087 | protein kinase (regulation) | a kinase enzyme that modifeis other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them, usually resulting in a functional change of the target protein, or substrate, by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins | 245 | |
| 1463020088 | receptor (regulation) | an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimuli and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve | 246 | |
| 1463020089 | retrovirus (regulation) | any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate | 247 | |
| 1463020090 | reverse transcriptase (regulation) | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in reverse transcription | 248 | |
| 1463020091 | second messenger (regulation) | a substance whose release within a cell is promoted by a hormone and that brings about a response by the cell | 249 | |
| 1463020092 | signal cascade (regulation) | part o the signal trasnduction, the pathway is actually a cascade of biochemical reactions inside the cell that eventually reaches the target molecule or reaction | 250 | |
| 1463020093 | signal transduction (regulation) | a set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane | 251 | |
| 1463020094 | signal transduction pathway (regulation) | the combination of a signal transduction and a signal cascade | 252 | |
| 1463020095 | virus (regulation) | an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host | 253 | |
| 1463020096 | white blood cell (regulation) | also known as a leukocyte, a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease | 254 |
