AP Biology Exam Terms to know for AP Exam
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| 377000524 | organic compounds | contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs | |
| 377000525 | functional groups | amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH) | |
| 377000526 | fat | glycerol and three fatty acids | |
| 377000527 | saturated fats | bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temp. | |
| 377000528 | unsaturated fats | better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp. | |
| 377000529 | steriods | lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones | |
| 377000530 | phospholipids | glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors | |
| 377000531 | carbohydrates | used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods]) | |
| 377000532 | proteins | made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels) | |
| 377000533 | enzymes | catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy | |
| 377000534 | competitve inhibtion | inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site | |
| 377000535 | noncompetitive inhibition | inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind | |
| 377000536 | pH | logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times more acidic than 5 | |
| 377000537 | hydrolysis | breaks down compounds by adding water | |
| 377000538 | dehydration | two components brought together, producing H2O | |
| 377000539 | endergonic reaction | reaction that requires input of energy | |
| 377000540 | exergonic reaction | reaction that gives off energy | |
| 377000541 | redox | electron transfer reactions | |
| 377000542 | cell wall | found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes the cell | |
| 377000543 | plasma membrane | found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what substances enter and leave a cell | |
| 377000544 | ribosome | found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis; form in nucleolus | |
| 377000545 | smooth ER | found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface | |
| 377000546 | rough ER | found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface | |
| 377000547 | Golgi | found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface | |
| 377000548 | mitochondria | found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major energy-producing steps of respiration | |
| 377000549 | lysosome | found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic compounds; serves as cell's stomach | |
| 377000550 | nucleus | found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for transcription, replication, and DNA | |
| 377000551 | peroxisome | found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of alcohol | |
| 377000552 | chloroplast | found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in plants | |
| 377000553 | cytoskeleton | found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments | |
| 377000554 | vacuole | large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults of cells | |
| 377000555 | centrioles | found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule separation apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells | |
| 377000556 | fluid mosaic model | plasma membrane is selectively permeable phosolipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol amoung the phospholipids | |
| 378247839 | integral proteins | proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane | |
| 378247840 | diffusion | passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentrations) | |
| 378247841 | osmosis | passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration to the side of high solute concentration | |
| 378247842 | facilitated diffusion | assisted transport of particles across membrane (no energy input) | |
| 378247843 | active transport | movement of substances against concentration gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy input) | |
| 378247844 | endocytosis | phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of vesicles | |
| 378247845 | exocytosis | process by which particles are ejected from the cell, similar to movement in a trash chute | |
| 378247846 | aerobic respiration | glycolysis -> krebs cycle -> oxidative phosphorylation -> 36 ATP per glucose molecule | |
| 378247847 | anaerobic respiration (fermentation) | glycolysis -> regenerate NAD+ -> 2 ATP per glucose molecule | |
| 378247848 | glycolysis | conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH; occurs in the cytoplasma, and in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; must have NAD+ to proceed | |
| 378247849 | Krebs cycle | conversion 1 pyruvate molecule into 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, H2O, and CO2; occurs twice for each glucose to yeild double the products above; occurs in the mitochondria | |
| 378247850 | oxidative phosphorylation | production of large amounts of ATP from NADH and FADH2; occurs in the mitochrondria; requires the presence of oxygen to proceed | |
| 378247851 | chemiosmosis | coupling of the movement of electrons down the ETC with the formation of ATP using the driving force provided by the proton gradient; occurs in both cell respiration and photosynthesis to produce ATP | |
| 378247852 | ATP synthase | enzyme responsible for using protons to actually produce ATP from ADP | |
| 378247853 | fermentation | process that regenerates NAD+ so glycolsis can begin again; occurs in absence of oxygen | |
| 378247854 | alcohol fermentation | occurs in fungi, yeast, and bacteria; causes conversion of pyruvate to ethanol | |
| 378247855 | lactic acid fermentation | occurs in humans and animal muscles; causes conversion of pyruvate -> lactate; causes cramping sensation when oxygen runs low in muscles | |
| 378247856 | photosynthesis | process by which plants use the energy from light to generate sugar; occurs in chloroplasts; light reactions (thylakoid), and Calvin cycle (stroma) | |
| 378247857 | autotroph | self-nourishing organism that is also known as a producer (plants) | |
| 378247858 | heterotrophs | organisms that must consume other organisms to obtain energy--consmers | |
| 378247859 | transpiration | loss of water via evaporation through the stomata | |
| 378247860 | photophosphorylation | process by which ATP is made during light reactions | |
| 378247861 | photolysis | process by which water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms (light reactions) | |
| 378247862 | stomata | structure through which CO2 enters a plant, and water vapor and oxygen leave plant | |
| 378247863 | pigment | molcule that absorbs light of a particular wavelength (chlorophyll, carotenoid, phycobilins) | |
| 378247864 | C4 plants | plants that have adapted their photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions | |
| 378247865 | C4 photosynthesis | process that first converts CO2 into a 4-carbon molcule in the mesophyll cells, converts that product to malate and then shuttles it to the bundle sheath cells, where the malate releases CO2 and rubisco picks it up as if all were normal | |
| 378247866 | CAM plants | plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis | |
| 379400872 | binary fission | prokaryotic cell division; double the DNA, double the size, then split apart | |
| 379400873 | cell cycle | growth 1 -> synthesis -> growth 2 -> mitosis | |
| 379400874 | cytokinesis | physical separation of newly formed daughter cells of cell division | |
| 379400875 | cell division control mechanisms | growth factors, checkpoints, density-dependent inhibition, and cyclins and protein kinases | |
| 379400876 | growth factors | factors then when present, promote growth, and when absent, impede growth | |
| 379400877 | checkpoints | a cell stops growing to make sure it has the nutrients and raw materials to proceed | |
| 379400878 | density-dependent inhibition | cell stops growing when certain density is reached | |
| 379400879 | cyclins and protein kinases | cyclin combines with CDK to form a structure known as MPF that pushes cell into mitosis when enough is present | |
| 379400880 | haploid (n) | one copy of each chromosome | |
| 379400881 | diploid (2n) | two copies of each chromosome | |
| 379400882 | homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and function | |
| 379400883 | spermatogenesis | the process of male gamete formation (four sperm from one cell) | |
| 379400884 | oogenesis | the process of female gamete formation (one ovum from each cell) | |
| 379400885 | life cycles | sequences of events that make up the reproductive cycle of an organism | |
| 379400886 | human life cycle | zygote (2n) -> multicellular orgainsm (2n) -> gametes (n) -> zygote (2n) | |
| 379400887 | fungi life cycle | zygote (2n) -> multicellular orgainsm (n) -> gametes (n) -> zygote (2n) | |
| 379400888 | plants life cycle | zygote (2n) -> sporophyte (2n) -> spores (n) -> gametophyte (n) -> gametes (n) -> zygote (2n) | |
| 379400889 | source of variation | crossover, 2^n possible gametes that can be formed, random pairing of gametes | |
| 379400890 | character | heritable feature, such as flower color | |
| 379400891 | monohybrid cross | cross involving one character (3:1 phenotype ratio) | |
| 379400892 | dihybrid cross | cross involving two different characters (9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio) | |
| 379400893 | law of segregation | the two alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes--one to each gamete | |
| 379400894 | law of indendent assortment | inheritance of one trait does not interfere with the inheritance of another trait | |
| 379400895 | law of dominance | if two opposite pure-breeding varieties are crossed, all offspring resemble dominant parent | |
| 379400896 | intermediate inheritance | heterozygous individual shows characterstics unlike either parent | |
| 379400897 | incomplete dominance | Yy produces a intermediate phenotype between YY and yy | |
| 379400898 | codominace | both alleles express themselves fully in a Yy individual | |
| 379400899 | polygenetic traits | traits that are affected by more then one gene (eye color or skin color) | |
| 379400900 | multiple alleles | traits that correspond to more than two alleles | |
| 379400901 | epistasis | a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus | |
| 379400902 | pleiotropy | a single gene has multiple effects on an organism | |
| 379400903 | sex determination | males are XY, females are XX | |
| 379400904 | autosomal chromosome | chromosome not involved in gender | |
| 379400905 | sex-linked traits | passed along the X chromosome; more common in males then females | |
| 379400906 | X inactivation | one of two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated and remains coiled as a Barr body | |
| 379400907 | holandric trait | trait that is inherited via the Y chromosome | |
| 379400908 | linked genes | genes that lie along the same chromsome and do not follow the law of independent assortment | |
| 379400909 | crossover | a form of genetic recombination that occurs during prophase I of meiosis | |
| 379400910 | linkage map | genetic map put together using crossover frequencies | |
| 379400911 | pedigree | family tree used to describe genetic relationships | |
| 379400912 | autosomal recessive disorders | Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria | |
| 379400913 | autosomal dominant disorders | Huntington disease and achondroplasia | |
| 379400914 | nondisjunction | error in which homologous chromosomes do not separate properly | |
| 379400915 | chromosomal disorders | deletion, inversions, duplications, and translocations | |
| 379400916 | DNA | contains A, G, C, and T; arranged in double helix of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds | |
| 379400917 | RNA | contains A, G, C, and U; singled stranded | |
| 379400918 | mRNA | blueprints for proteins | |
| 379400919 | tRNA | brings acids to ribosomes | |
| 379400920 | rRNA | make of ribosomes | |
| 379400921 | DNA replication | occurs in S-phase, semiconservative, built in 5' to 3' direction | |
| 379400922 | frameshift mutation | deletion or addition of nucleotides; shifts reading frame | |
| 379400923 | missense mutation | subsitution of wrong nucleotide into DNA; still produces a protein | |
| 379400924 | nonsense mutation | subsitution of wrong nucleotide into DNA that produces an early stop codon | |
| 379400925 | transcription | process by which mRNA is synthesized on a DNA template | |
| 379400926 | RNA processing | introns (noncoding) are spliced out, exon (coding) glued together | |
| 379400927 | translation | process by which the mRNA specified sequence of amino acids is lined up on a ribosome for protein synthesis | |
| 379400928 | codon | triplet of nucleotides that codes for a particular amino acid | |
| 379400929 | promoter | base sequence that signals start site for transcription | |
| 379400930 | repressor | protein that prevents the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter site | |
| 379400931 | inducer | molecule that binds to and inactivates a repressor | |
| 379400932 | operator | short sequence near the promoter that assists in transcription by interacting with transcription factors | |
| 381948756 | operon | on/off switch for transcription, allows for production of genes only when needed | |
| 381948757 | viruses | parastic infectious agent unable to survive outside the host; can obtain DNA or RNA, or have a viral envelope | |
| 381948758 | lytic cycle | one in which the virus is actively reproducing and kills the host cell | |
| 381948759 | lysogenic cycle | one in which the virus lie dormant within the DNA of the host cell | |
| 381948760 | retrovirus | RNA virus that carries with it reverse transcriptase (HIV) | |
| 381948761 | prion | virus that converts host brain proteins into misshapen proteins | |
| 381948762 | viroids | tiny plant viruses | |
| 381948763 | phage | virus that infects bacteria | |
| 381948764 | bacteria | prokaryotic cell consists of one double strand circular DNA molecule; reproduce by binary fission | |
| 381948765 | transformation | uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment | |
| 381948766 | transduction | movement of genes from one cell to another by phages, which incorporated by crossover | |
| 381948767 | generalized transduction | lytic cycle accidently places host DNA into a phage, which is brought to another cell | |
| 381948768 | specialized transduction | virus leaving lysogenic cycle brings host DNA with it into phage | |
| 381948769 | conjugation | transfer of DNA between two bacterial cell connected by sex pili | |
| 381948770 | restriction enzymes | enzymes that cut DNA at a paticular sequences, creating sticky ends | |
| 381948771 | vector | mover of DNA from one source to another | |
| 381948772 | cloning | somewhat slow process by which a desired sequence of DNA is copied numerous times | |
| 381948773 | gel electrophoresis | technique used to separate DNA according to size. DNA moves from - to + | |
| 381948774 | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | produces large quanties of sequence in short amount of time | |
| 381948775 | modes of evolution | genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection | |
| 381948776 | genetic drift | change in allele frequencies because of chance events | |
| 381948777 | gene flow | change in allele frequencies as genes move from one population to another | |
| 381948778 | mutation | change in allele frequencies due to random genetic change in an allele | |
| 381948779 | natural selection | process by which characters or traits maintained or eliminated in a population based on their contribution to the differential survival and reproductive succes of their "host" organism | |
| 381948780 | variation | differences must exist between individuals | |
| 381948781 | hertiability | the traits to be selected for must be able to be passed along to offspring | |
| 381948782 | differential reproductive success | there must be variation amoung parents in how many offspring they produce as a result of the different traits that the parent have | |
| 381948783 | adaption | a trait that, if altered, affects the fitness of an organism | |
| 381948784 | selection types | directional, stabilizing, disruptive, sexual, and artifical | |
| 381948785 | directional selection | members at one end of a spectrum are selected against, and the population shifts toward that end | |
| 381948786 | stabilizing selection | selection for the mean of the population; reduces variation of a population | |
| 381948787 | disruptive selection | selects for the two extremes of the population; selects against the middle | |
| 381948788 | sexual selection | certain characters are selected for because they aid in mate acquisition | |
| 381948789 | artifical selection | human intervention in the form of selective breeding | |
| 381948790 | mutation | random changes in DNA can introduce new alleles into a population | |
| 381948791 | balanced polymorphism | the maintainance of two or more phenotypic variants | |
| 381948792 | allopatric speciation | interbreeding stops because some physical barrier splits the population into two | |
| 381948793 | sympatric speciation | interbreeding stops even though no physical barrier prevents it | |
| 381948794 | polyploidy | condition in which individual has higher than normal number of chromosomes sets | |
| 381948795 | balanced polymorphism | two phenotypic variants become so different that the two groups stop interbreeding | |
| 381948796 | adaptive radiation | rapid series of speciation events that occur when one or more ancestral species invades a new environment | |
| 381948797 | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | p + q = 1, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1; evolution is not occuring; the rules for this are no mutations, no gene flow, no genetic drift, no natural selection, and random mating | |
| 381948798 | homologous character | traits similar between organisms that arose from a common ancestor | |
| 381948799 | vestigil character | character contained by organism that is no longer functionally useful | |
| 381948800 | gradualism | evolutionary change is slow and steady process | |
| 381948801 | punctuated equilibria | evolutionary change occurs in rapid bursts separated by large periods of no change | |
| 381948802 | hetertroph theory | theory that describes how life evolved from original heterotrophs | |
| 381948803 | convergent character | traits similar to two or more organisms that do not share common ancestor; parallel evolution | |
| 381948804 | convergent evolution | two unrelated species evolve in a way that makes them more similar | |
| 381948805 | divergent evolution | two related spevies evolve in a way that makes them less similar | |
| 381948806 | taxonomy | classification of organisms based upon the presence or absence of shared characterstics: kingdom -> phylum -> class -> order -> family -> genus -> species | |
| 381948807 | five kingdom system | monera -> Protista -> plantae -> Fungi -> animalia | |
| 381948808 | six kingdom system | Archaebacteria -> Eubacteria -> Protista -> Planae -> Fungi -> Animalia | |
| 381948809 | endosymbiotic theory | eukaryotes originated from symbiotic partnership of prokaryotic cells | |
| 381948810 | anatomy of plants | tissue systems are divided into ground, vascular, and dermal | |
| 381948811 | ground tissue | the body of the plants is divided into collenchyma cells, parenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells | |
| 381948812 | collenchyma cells | provide flexible and mechanical support; found in stems and leaves | |
| 381948813 | parenchyma cells | play a role in storage, secrection, and photosynthesis in cells | |
| 381948814 | sclerenchyma cells | protects seeds and support the plants | |
| 381948815 | vascular tissue | xylem and phloem | |
| 381948816 | xylem | transports water and minerals in plants | |
| 381948817 | phloem | transports sugar in plants | |
| 381948818 | dermal tissue | protective outer coating for plants: epidermis | |
| 381948819 | types of roots | taproot system and fibrous root system | |
| 381948820 | taproot system | dicots; system that divides into lateral roots that anchor the plant | |
| 381948821 | fibrous root system | anchoring systsem that does not go deep down into the soil | |
| 381948822 | primary growth | increased length of plants (occurs in region of apical meristem) | |
| 381948823 | secondary growth | increased width of plant (occurs in region of lateral meristems) | |
| 381948824 | vascular cambium | gives rise to secondary xylem/phloem; runs entire length of plant | |
| 381948825 | cork cambium | produces protective covering that replaces epidermis during secondary growth | |
| 381948826 | plant hormones | abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins | |
| 381948827 | abscisic acid | inhibits cell growth, helps close stomata | |
| 381948828 | auxin | stem elongation, gravitrophism, phototropism | |
| 381948829 | cytokinins | promote cell division, leaf enlargement, slow aging of leaves | |
| 381948830 | ethylene | ripens fruit and causes leaves to fall | |
| 381948831 | gibberellins | stem elongation, induce growth in dormant seeds, buds, flowers | |
| 381948832 | plant trophisms | gravitropism, phototrophism, thigmotropism | |
| 381948833 | gravitropism | a plant's growth in response to gravity | |
| 381948834 | phototropism | plant's growth in response to light | |
| 381948835 | thigmotropism | plant's growth in response to touch | |
| 381948836 | photoperiodism | response of a plant to the change in length of days | |
| 383342765 | circulatory system | bloodflow= left side of heart -> aorta -> via arteries to organs and muscles -> into vena cava -> right side of heart -> lungs -> left side of heart | |
| 383342766 | respiratory pathway | nose/mouth -> pharynx -> larynyx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli | |
| 383342767 | digestive system | digestion begins in mouth, continues in the stomach, and completes in the intestine | |
| 383342768 | amylase | enzyme that breaks down starches in the diet | |
| 383342769 | pepsin | main digestive enzyme of the stomach that breaks down proteins | |
| 383342770 | lipase | major fat digesting enzyme of the body | |
| 383342771 | trypsin and chymotrypsin | major protein digesting endopeptidases of the small intestine | |
| 383342772 | bile salts | major emulsifer of fat | |
| 383342773 | maltase, lactase, and sucrase | carbohydrate digesting enzymes of the small intestines | |
| 383342774 | small intestine | most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs in the _________ | |
| 383342775 | large intestine | reabsorbs water and packs the indigestible food into feces | |
| 383342776 | excretory system | kidneys -> minor and major calyces -> renal pelvis -> bladder via the ureter -> out of the body via the urethra | |
| 383342777 | nephron | functional part of the kidney | |
| 383342778 | excretory system hormones | ADH and aldosterone | |
| 383342779 | ADH | controls water absorption in the excretory system | |
| 383342780 | aldosterone | controls sodium reabsorption in the excretory system | |
| 383342781 | anterior pituitary hormones | FSH, LH, TSH, STH, ACTH, and prolactin | |
| 383342782 | FSH | stimulates production of eggs or sperm | |
| 383342783 | LH | stimulates ovulation, increases estrogen/progesterone release | |
| 383342784 | TSH | increases release of thyroid hormone | |
| 383342785 | STH | increases growth | |
| 383342786 | ACTH | increases secrection of adrenal cortical hormones | |
| 383342787 | prolactin | controls lactogenesis, decreases secretion of GnRH | |
| 383342788 | pancreatic hormones | insulin and glucagon | |
| 383342789 | insulin | increases glycogen formation | |
| 383342790 | glucagon | increases glycogen breakdown | |
| 383342791 | parathyroid hormone (PTH) | increases blood Ca2+ involved in bone maintenance | |
| 383342792 | posterior pituitary hormones | ADH and oxytocin | |
| 383342793 | oxytocin | stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection | |
| 383342794 | adrenal gland hormones | aldosterone and cortisol | |
| 383342795 | aldosterone | regulates blood sodium concentration | |
| 383342796 | cortisol | chronic stress hormone | |
| 383342797 | sex hormones | progestrone, estrogen, and testosterone | |
| 383342798 | progestrone | involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy | |
| 383342799 | estrogen | made in ovaries; increases release of LH; develops female secondary sex characteristics | |
| 383342800 | testosterone | stimulates sperm production; develops male secondary sex characterstics | |
| 383342801 | negative feedback | hormone acts to directly, or indirectly, inhibit further release of the hormone of interest | |
| 383342802 | positive feedback | horomone acts directly, or indirectly, cause increased secretion of the hormone | |
| 383342803 | SNS | controls skeletal muscles and voluntary actions | |
| 383342804 | ANS | controls involuntary activities of body | |
| 383342805 | cerebellum | controls coordination and balance | |
| 383342806 | medulla | controls involuntary actions such as breathing | |
| 383342807 | hypothalamus | regulates hunger, thirst, and temperature | |
| 383342808 | amygdala | emotion control center | |
| 383342809 | nonspecific immunity | nonspecific prevention of enterance of invaders into the body | |
| 383342810 | specific immunity | multilayered defense mechanism-- first line of defense: phagocyctes, macrophages, neutrophils, complement; second line of defense: B cells and T cells | |
| 383342811 | primary immune response (humoral immunity) | antigen invader -> B cell meets antigen -> B cell differentiates into the plasma cells and memory cells -> plamsa cells produce anitbodies -> antibodies eliminate antigen | |
| 383342812 | secondary immune response | antigen invader -> memory cells recogize antigen and pump out antibodies much quicker than primary response -> antibodies eliminate antigen | |
| 383342813 | cell-mediated immunity | involves T cells and direct cellular response to an invasion. defense against viruses | |
| 383342814 | primary sex characteristics | sexual organs that assist in reproduction | |
| 383342815 | secondary sex characteristics | physical characteristics that differ men and women | |
| 383342816 | FSH | stimulate oogenesis in females and spermatogenesis in males; creates follicle that surrounds the primary oocyte during development | |
| 383342817 | LH | stimulates the ovulation and production of estrogen and progesterone in females; stimulates production of testosterone and sperm in males | |
| 383342818 | GnRH | causes pituitary to release LH and FSH | |
| 383342819 | behavioral ecology | the study of interaction between animals and their environment | |
| 383342820 | ethology | study of animal behavior | |
| 383342821 | fixed action pattern | preprogrammed response to a stimulus | |
| 383342822 | habituation | loss of responsiveness to unimportant stimuli or stimuli that provide no feedback | |
| 383342823 | imprinting | innate behavior learned during critical period early in life | |
| 383342824 | associative learning | one stimulus is associated with another (classical conditioning) | |
| 383342825 | operant conditioning | trial-and-error learning | |
| 383342826 | insight learning | ability to reason through a problem the first time through with no prior experience | |
| 383342827 | observational learning | learning by watching someone else do it first | |
| 383342828 | kinesis | change in the speed of movement in response to a stimulus; organisms will move faster in bad environments and slower in good environments | |
| 383342829 | migration | cyclic movement of animals over long distances according to the time of year | |
| 383342830 | taxis | reflex movement toward or away from a stimulus | |
| 383342831 | agnostic behavior | conflict behavior over access to a resource; often a matter of which aniaml can mount the most threatening display and scare the other into submission | |
| 383342832 | dominance hierarchies | ranking of power amoung the members of a group; subject to change | |
| 383342833 | territoriality | defense of territory to keep others out | |
| 383342834 | altruistic behavior | action in which an organism helps another at its own expense | |
| 383342835 | reciprocal altruism | animals behave altruistically toward others who are not relatives | |
| 383342836 | foraging | feeding behavior of an individual | |
| 383342837 | optimal foraging | natural selection favors those who choose foraging strategies that maximize the differential betwen cost and benefits | |
| 383342838 | inclusive fitness | the ability of individuals to pass their genes not only through the production of their offspring, but also by providing aid to enable closely related individuals to produce offspring | |
| 383342839 | chemical communication | communication through the use of chemical signals, such as pheramones | |
| 383342840 | visual communication | communication through the visual cues, such as the tail feather displays of peacocks | |
| 383342841 | audiotory communication | communication through the use of sound, such as the chirping of frogs in the summer | |
| 383342842 | tactile communciation | communication through the use of touch, such as a handshake | |
| 383342843 | population | collection of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic region | |
| 383342844 | community | collection of populations of species in a geographic area | |
| 383342845 | ecosystem | community and its environment | |
| 383342846 | biosphere | communities and the ecosystems of the planet | |
| 383342847 | biotic components | living organisms of ecosystem | |
| 383342848 | abiotic components | nonliving players in an ecosystem | |
| 383342849 | biotic potential | maximum growth rate for a population | |
| 383342850 | carrying capcity | maximum number of individuals that a population can sustain in a given environment | |
| 383342851 | limiting factors | factors that keep population size in check | |
| 383342852 | parasitism | one organism benefits at another's expense | |
| 383342853 | commensalism | one organism benefits while the other is unaffected | |
| 383342854 | mutualism | both organisms reap benefits from the interaction | |
| 383342855 | competition | both species are harmed by the interaction | |
| 383342856 | predation | one species, the predator, hunts the other, the prey | |
| 383342857 | cryptic coloration | colring scheme that allows organism to blend into colors of environment | |
| 383342858 | deceptive markings | patterns that cause an animal to appear larger or more dangerous than it really is | |
| 383342859 | aposematic coloration | warning coloration adopted by animals that posses a chemical defense mechanism | |
| 383342860 | Batesian mimicry | animal that is harmless copies the apperance of an animal that is dangerous | |
| 383342861 | Mullerian mimicry | two aposemetrically colored species have similar coloration pattern | |
| 383342862 | primary succession | occurs in area devoid of life that contains no soil | |
| 383342863 | secondary succession | occurs in area that once had stable life but was disturbed by major force fire | |
| 383342864 | desert | driest land biome | |
| 383342865 | taiga | lengthy cold, wet winters; lots of conifers | |
| 383342866 | temperate grasslands | most fertile soil of all biomes | |
| 383342867 | tundra | permafrost, cold winters, short shrubs | |
| 383342868 | savanna | grasslands, home to herbivores | |
| 383342869 | deciduous forest | cold winters and warm summers | |
| 383342870 | tropical forest | great diversity of species in biomes | |
| 383342871 | water biomes | freshwater and marine biomes | |
| 383342872 | trophic levels | hierarchy of energy levels on a planet |
