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AP BIOLOGY Flashcards

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6971454845Active SiteThe part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.0
6971454846Active TransportThe movement of materials (ions and molecules) through a cell membrane using energy into a higher concentration1
6971454847AdhesionAn attraction between molecules of different substances2
6971454848Alternation of GenerationA pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycles of many lower plants and some invertebrates involving alteration between two distinct forms (sexual and asexual)3
6971454849AlveoliTerminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs.4
6971454850Amino AcidsBuilding blocks of protein5
6971454851Amniotic eggEggs that contain an amnion to protect the embryo6
6971454852AngiospermA flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.7
6971454853AntibodiesSpecialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents8
6971454854AnticodonA sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA9
6971454855Antigena toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies10
6971454856ATP(adenosine triphosphate) molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells11
6971454857AutotrophAn organism that makes its own food12
6971454858AuxinSubstances that in minute amounts regulate or modify the growth of plants, especially root formation, bud growth, and fruit and leaf drop13
6971454859Binary FissionA form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.14
6971454860BiomoleculeOrganic molecule and especially a macromolecule in living organisms15
6971454861BufferA substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to a solution16
6971454862CapillaryThe attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, which causes the liquid to rise or fall17
6971454863CarbohydrateAny group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:118
6971454864CatalystSubstance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change19
6971454865Cell CycleCycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase20
6971454866Cell WallA rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell21
6971454867Cellular RespirationThe oxidation of organic compounds that occurs within cells, producing energy for cellular processes22
6971454868CholesterolSteroid present in the plasma membranes of animal cells23
6971454869ChlorophyllA green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis24
6971454870Chloroplasta plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.25
6971454871ChromatinA material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed, consists of protein, RNA, and DNA26
6971454872Chromosomesthreadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes27
6971454873CodonA sequence of the three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule28
6971454874CohesionAttraction between molecules of the same substance29
6971454875Controlled variablesA variable in an experiment that will not be changed but observed30
6971454876covelant bondsFormed when electrons are shared between atoms31
6971454877CuticleWaxy layer on many plant leaves and stems, prevents desiccation32
6971454878CytokinesisCytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells33
6971454879Dehydration synthesisprocess in which water is removed to join two small molecules34
6971454880Diploid(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number35
6971454881DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and recombinant DNA techniques36
6971454882DuodenumFirst part of the small intestine37
6971454883Endoplasmic reticulumA network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane38
6971454884EndosymbiosisSymbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other39
6971454885ExonA nucleotide sequence of a gene that codes for an amino acid sequence or a controlled sequence40
6971454886EnzymeA very large protein that acts as a biological catalyst41
6971454887Eukaryotic cellAny organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm , a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes, and an elaborate system of division by mitosis or meiosis, characteristics of all life forms except bacteria, blue green algae, and other primitive micro organisms.42
6971454888External fertilizationRelease of both sperm and eggs into an external environment, sperm will fertilize the egg outside of the organism, as seen in spawning43
6971454889Facilitated transportProcess in which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules44
6971454890FruitA mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.45
6971454891Gametesreproductive cells46
6971454892GeneA segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait47
6971454893Genetic engineeringthe field of manipulating and changing an organism's DNA48
6971454894global warmingthe increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere caused by the greenhouse effect49
6971454895GlycerolColorless, sweet, viscous liquid formed as a byproduct in soap manufacture50
6971454896GlycogenA substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates, polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis51
6971454897Gonadsmale and female sex glands52
6971454898HaploidAn organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes and a set of unpaired chromosomes53
6971454899Homeostasisrelatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain54
6971454900Homozygouswhen there are two identical alleles for a trait55
6971454901Hydrogen bondA weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other56
6971454902HydrolysisBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water57
6971454903HyphaeBranching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.58
6971454904HypothesisAn educated guess, can be tested59
6971454905Incomplete dominanceSituation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele60
6971454906Independent variableThe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.61
6971454907InnateNatural62
6971454908InsulinA hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of langerhans that regulate the amount of glucose in the blood63
6971454909IntronSequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein64
6971454910LigandAn ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a complex, atoms with electron pairs, may be neutral or negative65
6971454911Logistic growth curveS shaped curve that can be used to model functions that increase gradually at first, more rapidly in the middle growth period, and slowly at the end, leveling off at a maximum value after some period of time66
6971454912Marker proteinsExtend across the cell membrane and serve to identify the cell67
6971454913MeiosisA type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores68
6971454914Messenger RNAA form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome69
6971454915MitochondriaAn organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur, has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers70
6971454916MitosisCell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth71
6971454917MutationA change in a gene or chromosome.72
6971454918Natural selectionA natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.73
6971454919NephronFunctional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine74
6971454920NucleotideA compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group, form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA75
6971454921OviductThe tube through which an ovum or egg passes from an ovary76
6971454922PancreasA gland near the stomach that secretes a digestive fluid into the intestine through one or more ducts and also secretes the hormone insulin77
6971454923Passive transportThe transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy.78
6971454924PepsinDigestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into polypeptides79
6971454925Photosynthesisthe process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.80
6971454926Phloemthe vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.81
6971454927Pituitary glandthe major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands82
6971454928PlasmaFluid portion of blood83
6971454929Plasma membranea microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm84
6971454930Polar bondA type of covalent bond between two atoms in which electrons are shared unequally, resulting in a bond in which one atom has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge85
6971454931PopulationA group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area86
6971454932Primary productivityrate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs to organic substances87
6971454933ProkaryotesA microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles88
6971454934ProteinA molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds89
6971454935ProtistaA kingdom consisting of unicellular or simple multicellular organisms that possess nuclei and cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi90
6971454936ReplicationCopying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA91
6971454937Restriction enzymeEnzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides92
6971454938RibosomeA sphere-shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis93
6971454939Rootpart of a plant that grows downward and holds the plant in place, absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and often stores food94
6971454940RNA polymerasean enzyme that synthesizes the formation of RNA from a DNA template during transcription95
6971454941Sex chromosomeThe sperm and egg of living things96
6971454942SpeciesA group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.97
6971454943Spindle fibersform a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell98
6971454944StomataSmall openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move99
6971456382Symbiosisa close, long-term interaction between two different species100
6971456383Taxongroup or level of organization into which organisms are classified101
6971456384Transcriptionprocess by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA102
6971456385Transfer RNAtype of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA sequence into a protein103
6971456386Translationprocess in which ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm create proteins, following transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus104
6971456387Transpirationprocess where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves105
6971456388Uterusorgan in which the baby develops and is protected until birth106
6971456389Xylema compound tissue in vascular plants that helps provide support and that conducts water and nutrients upward from the roots, consisting of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma cells, and woody fibers107
6971456390ZygoteThe cell formed by the union of a male sex cell (a sperm) and a female sex cell (an ovum)108

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