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| 13760845864 | 1. The resting membrane potential depends on which of the following? | The resting potential depends on active transport (the Na+K+-ATPase pump) and the selective permeability of the axon membrane to K+ than to Na+, which leads to a differential distribution of ions across the axonal membrane. | 0 | |
| 13760865188 | Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the *mitochondrial matrix*. In the Krebs Cycle, each of the two acetyl coenzyme A molecules enter the cycle and combine with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which then loses two carbons as carbon dioxide. The cycle is now ready to begin again with the second Acetyl CoA. For each Acetyl CoA, the Krebs Cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. | 1 | |
| 13760885452 | aerobic respiration | Glycolysis, the first step in aerobic respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm. The electron transport chain occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs as protons (H+ ions) move from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. | 2 | |
| 13760943121 | morphogenesis | The process by which an organism takes shape and the differentiated cells occupy their appropriate locations. Apoptosis (programmed cell death), hox and homeotic genes (genes that control differentiation), and inductive effects (a tissue affecting the differentiation of another tissue) play a role in cell differentiation. | 3 | |
| 13760963226 | operon | sets of multiple genes regulated by a single regulatory unit in bacteria. | 4 | |
| 13760998243 | Pepsin | An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach | 5 | |
| 13761012448 | small intestine | Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place. Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats into three fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars. Bile emulsifies lipids and makes them more accessible to lipase. | 6 | |
| 13761526523 | Allele | An alternative form of the same gene found on corresponding loci of homologous chromosomes | 7 | |
| 13761613612 | plasmid cloning vectors | Cut fragments from two plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes with the same restriction enzyme, followed by ligation with DNA ligase. To make multiple copies of a plasmid (a small circular DNA), it should be inserted into a bacterium. | 8 | |
| 13762813331 | Loop of Henle | section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine | 9 | |
| 13762953521 | egg yolk | The egg yolk provides food for the embryo. The amnion protects the embryo. The chorion is the outermost layer that surrounds the embryo. The placenta provides nourishment for the embryo in mammals, not in birds. | 10 | |
| 13763168123 | r-selected life history | many offspring, but low parental investment of energy in each one. most of the mortality is among the younger members. | 11 | |
| 13763262163 | cartilage vs bone | The primary difference between bone and cartilage is that cartilage is flexible and lacks blood vessels. They are both part of the skeletal system; get rid of. Bone and cartilage are connective tissues made up of collagen and calcium salts, so eliminate. Both cartilage and bones secrete a matrix. | 12 | |
| 13769033727 | Arteries | thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Blood moves by contracting muscles. | 13 | |
| 13769043925 | Veins | thin-walled vessels (with valves) that return blood to the heart. | 14 | |
| 13769061834 | prophase I | Crossing-over (exchange of genetic material) occurs | 15 | |
| 13769065082 | metaphase I | the tetrads line up at the metaphase plate | 16 | |
| 13769072945 | anaphase I | tetrads separate | 17 | |
| 13769079758 | prophase II | The duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each new cell. | 18 | |
| 13769145299 | beta cells | secrete insulin | 19 | |
| 13769150488 | Insulin | A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by *facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues* so less blood glucose | 20 | |
| 13769157680 | Glucagon | A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin. | 21 | |
| 13769173683 | Peristalsis | Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system. | 22 | |
| 13769196898 | parathyroid hormone | increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the bones to release calcium | 23 | |
| 13769201268 | Calcitonin | Lowers blood calcium levels | 24 | |
| 13769326472 | Trypsin | an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine | 25 | |
| 13769356660 | Repolarization | Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell. | 26 | |
| 13769386400 | splitting of water | hydrolysis that occurs inside the thylakoid space, splits H₂O to produce H+ and O₂. | 27 | |
| 13769427879 | homologous structures | similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor | 28 | |
| 13769438990 | muscle contraction | Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere that require calcium ions and energy. | 29 | |
| 13769697661 | Introns | Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences. | 30 | |
| 13769697662 | Exons | Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA. | 31 | |
| 13769765180 | Centrioles | Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only | 32 | |
| 13770441328 | allantois | the extraembyonic membrane of birds, reptiles and mammals that serves as an area of gaseous exchange and as a site for the storage of noxious excretion products | 33 | |
| 13770596211 | liver | storing amino acids that were absorbed in the capillaries of the small intestine, detoxifying harmful substances such as alcohol or certain drugs, synthesizing bile salts that emulsify lipids | 34 | |
| 13771253100 | respiration | B The respiratory rate in humans will be affected by an increase in the amount of CO2 and a drop in pH levels, which is the same as an increase in hydrogen ion levels. Strenuous exercising will also modify the respiratory rate. O2 concentration generally does not play an important role in regulating respiration. | 35 | |
| 13771433474 | proximal convoluted tubule | first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; re-absorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients | 36 | |
| 13771985852 | water | inorganic compound | 37 | |
| 13772065180 | loop of Henle | responsible for the concentration of urine. The longer the loop of Henle, the more water would be reabsorbed, which would make the filtrate more concentrated. If the loop of Henle were longer, the collecting ducts may or may not also be longer. If the walls of the nephrons were thicker and impermeable, water would not be conserved. | 38 | |
| 13772090755 | Phagocytes | A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes non-specific immune responses in invertebrates | 39 | |
| 13772152139 | Secondary succession | type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances like when a forest of trees is devastated by fire; refers to ecological succession in a disturbed community | 40 | |
| 13772240670 | chromosome mapping | process for determining the relative position of genes on a chromosome into a detailed map of all the genes on a chromosome determined by crossing over. The frequency of crossing-over between any two alleles is proportional to the distance between them. The farther apart the two linked alleles are on a chromosome, the more often the chromosome will break between them. Crossing-over does not tell us about the chance of variation in zygotes, the rate of mutations, or whether the traits are dominant, recessive, or masked. | 41 |
