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| 13603825073 | Plant vs animal cells | Plant: central vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall, plasmodesmata Animal: lysosomes, centrioles, flagella and cilia, extracellular matrix, desmosomes, tight & gap junctions | 0 | |
| 13603840683 | ____ are not part of the endomembrane system | chloroplasts and mitochondria | 1 | |
| 13603845020 | Structure of mitochondria | matrix--> fluid filled space cristae--> inner membrane folded | 2 | |
| 13603850618 | amyloplasts | plastids that store starch | 3 | |
| 13603850619 | chromoplasts | plastid that stores pigments in fruits and flowers | 4 | |
| 13603855810 | structure of cholroplast | grana: stacks of thylakoids thylakoid: sacs where ATP is made stroma: fluid filled space | 5 | |
| 13603868602 | Smooth ER | -metabolic processes -makes lipids -metabolizes carbs -detoxifies | 6 | |
| 13603875506 | Rough ER | makes proteins for outer cell export | 7 | |
| 13603879212 | golgi appartus | -shipping and receiving cis: receiving trans: shipping | 8 | |
| 13603885842 | lysosomes | -not found in plant cells -kills cells -recycles materials -sac of hydrolytic enzymes | 9 | |
| 13603896241 | peroxisomes | -found in both animal and plant cells -breaks down fatty acids into sugars -detoxifies | 10 | |
| 13603900682 | 3 fibers of cytoskeleton | microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments | 11 | |
| 13603903636 | microtubules | -thickest -cell motility and structure -made of tubulin -makes up cilia and flagella | 12 | |
| 13603910129 | microfilaments | -thinnest -cell shape -muscle contraction -cell division (cleavage furrow formation) -made of actin and myosin | 13 | |
| 13603915407 | intermediate filaments | -medium thickness -anchoring -maintenance of cell shape -made of keratin | 14 | |
| 13603938153 | types of intercellular junctions | -tight junctions -adherent junctions (aka desmosomes) -gap junctions -plasmodesmata (plants) | 15 | |
| 13603942926 | tight junctions | -Watertight seal between cells -Plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins -Common between cells that line GI and bladder | 16 | |
| 13603945517 | gap junctions | provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells communicating junctions | 17 | |
| 13603950788 | desmosomes | Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart | 18 | |
| 13603950789 | plasmodesmata | channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells | 19 | |
| 13603962623 | Functions of inter membrane proteins | -transport -enzymatic activity -signal transduction -cell-to-cell recognition -cell-to-cell attachments -attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix | 20 | |
| 13608635252 | types of tranpsorter proteins | -aquaporins -carrier proteins -electrogenic pump -cotransport | 21 | |
| 13608642797 | passive transport | diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion | 22 | |
| 13608642833 | active transport | pumps/carriers, vacuoles, endocytosis | 23 | |
| 13608657639 | hypertonic | Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. | 24 | |
| 13608657640 | hypotonic | Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution | 25 | |
| 13608663435 | structure of chromosome | 2 sister chromatids, each made with chromatin & containing genes, attached in the middle by a centromere | 26 | |
| 13608665851 | kinetochore | A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. | 27 | |
| 13608668520 | interphase | G1- growing S- replicates DNA G2- preps for div | 28 | |
| 13608671961 | prophase | Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms | 29 | |
| 13608675164 | metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell | 30 | |
| 13608675165 | anaphase | Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell | 31 | |
| 13608678046 | telophase | the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. | 32 | |
| 13608683004 | cytokinesis in animal cells | cleavage furrow, actin and myosin pinch in cytoplasm | 33 | |
| 13608685100 | cytokinesis in plant cells | cell plate forms, middle lamella cements adjacent cells together | 34 | |
| 13608689329 | anabolic | A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules, consuming energy | 35 | |
| 13608691190 | catabolic | A process in which large molecules are broken down, releases energy | 36 | |
| 13608693486 | Free Energy Change | the difference between the change in enthalpy and the product of the Kelvin temperature and the entropy change |  | 37 |
| 13608700071 | If deltaG is negative | rxn is spontaneous system becomes more stable | 38 | |
| 13608702169 | exergenic | releases energy | 39 | |
| 13608702170 | endergenic | reaction that needs/absorbs energy | 40 | |
| 13608707819 | factors affecting enzyme function | enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, activators, inhibitors | 41 | |
| 13608710810 | as enzyme concentration increases-- | reaction rate increases | 42 | |
| 13608713254 | as substrate concentration increases | Rate of reaction increases | 43 | |
| 13608713256 | as temperature increases | bonds in enzyme may denature | 44 | |
| 13608720261 | as temperature decreases | molecules move slower, enzyme less effective | 45 | |
| 13608728919 | types of enzyme inhibitors | competitive, noncompetitve, irreversible, feedback | 46 | |
| 13608736180 | competitive inhibition | substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site | 47 | |
| 13608739197 | noncompetitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. | 48 | |
| 13608741733 | irreversible inhibition | active site is made unavailable for prolonged period of time or enzyme is permanently altered | 49 | |
| 13608741735 | feedback inhibition | A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. | 50 | |
| 13608747898 | oxidation | substance loses electrons | 51 | |
| 13608747899 | reduction | substance gains electrons | 52 | |
| 13608750335 | reducing agent | electron donor | 53 | |
| 13608752652 | oxidizing agent | electron acceptor | 54 | |
| 13608752653 | oxidation is.... | exergenic | 55 | |
| 13608755245 | reduction is... | endergenic | 56 | |
| 13608757680 | energy is_____ when new bonds are formed | released | 57 | |
| 13608760145 | where ATP stores energy | in the phosphate groups | 58 | |
| 13608762499 | 3 steps of cellular respiration | 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain | 59 | |
| 13608762501 | glycolysis | -occurs in cytoplasm -anaerobic reaction -breaks up one glucose into 2 atp and 2 pyruvic acids | 60 | |
| 13617574407 | Phosphofructokinase | The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP. | 61 | |
| 13617576890 | Krebs Cycle | -occurs in matrix -completes oxidation of glucose to CO2 -turns 2x for each glucose molecule -acetyl coA combines w 4 carbon acid top form citric acid -produces 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2 | 62 | |
| 13617588967 | Electron Transport Chain | -occurs in cristae -releases energy stored within H carriers to produce ATP -step 1: generating proton motive force -step 2: chemiosmosis and ATP synthase activity -step 3: oxygen acts as final electron acceptor and produces h2o | 63 | |
| 13617622196 | chlorophyll b | broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis | 64 | |
| 13617626746 | carotenoids | absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll | 65 | |
| 13617630882 | chlorophyll a | Only pigment that can participate directly in the light reactions. | 66 | |
| 13617633428 | photosystem II | contains chlorophyll a | 67 | |
| 13617633429 | photosystem I | contains chlorophyll b | 68 | |
| 13617647318 | light dependent reactions | -convert light energy from sun into ATP -takes place in thylakoid -1) excitation of photosystems by light energy -2) production of ATP via ETC -3) reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water | 69 | |
| 13617665248 | excited e- from __________ transferred to ETC | photosystem II | 70 | |
| 13617672243 | excited e- from __________ used to reduce NADP+ | photosystem I | 71 | |
| 13617675402 | photolysis | In the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependant reactions, two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons. | 72 | |
| 13617677831 | e- lost from PSI replaced by.... | de-energized e- from PSII | 73 | |
| 13617680853 | e- lost from PS II replaced by.... | e- reduced from H2O via photolysis | 74 | |
| 13617685865 | Calvin Cycle | -takes place in stroma -1) carbon fixation -2) reduction of GP -3) regeneration of RuBP | 75 | |
| 13617716577 | carbon fixation | -first step of Calvin Cycle -begins with 5 C called bisphosphate (RuBp) -Rubisco attaches CO2 to RuBp -6 C cmpd breaks into 2 3C cmpds called GP -single cycle involves 3 RuBp + 3 CO2 = 6 GP | 76 | |
| 13630280269 | reduction of GP | -second step of Calvin Cycle -GP converted into triose phosphate using NADPH and ATP -reduction by NADH transfers hydrogen atoms while hydrolysis of ATP provides energy -single cycle requires 6x NADPH and ATP | 77 | |
| 13630289160 | regeneration of RuBp | -third step of Calvin Cycle -of six TP produced, only ONE can be used to form 1/2 a sugar molecule -remaining 5 TP used to regenerate stocks of RuBp -regeneration of RuBp requires energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP | 78 | |
| 13630302521 | Law of segregation | During the formation of gametes, the traits carried on homologous chromosomes separate | 79 | |
| 13630305242 | law of independent assortment | the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis | 80 | |
| 13630307729 | Di hybrid cross ratio | 9:3:3:1 | 81 | |
| 13630309372 | incomplete dominance | blending of traits | 82 | |
| 13630310872 | codominance | both traits show | 83 | |
| 13630310889 | multiple alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait | 84 | |
| 13630314665 | pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. ie cystic fibrosis | 85 | |
| 13630317315 | epistasis | one gene masks the expression of the other gene even though two separate genes control that one trait | 86 | |
| 13630332627 | genomic imprinting | a variation in phenotype depending on whether a trait is inherited from the mother or father -they are on autosomes | 87 | |
| 13630341045 | extranuclear genes | located in mitochondria and chloroplasts | 88 | |
| 13630644236 | penetrance | The proportion of individuals with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype. | 89 | |
| 13630645745 | linked genes | genes on the same chromosome | 90 | |
| 13630648611 | sex-linkage | the presence of a gene on a sex chromosome | 91 | |
| 13631215312 | x-inactivation | one of two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated and remains coiled as a Barr body | 92 | |
| 13631218090 | gene mutations | caused by a change in DNA sequence | 93 | |
| 13631220336 | chromosome mutations | observable under light microscope. deletion of addition of part of or entire chromosome | 94 | |
| 13631233226 | karyotype | A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. | 95 | |
| 13631237680 | deletion | when a fragment lacking a centromere is lost during cell division | 96 | |
| 13631246270 | inversion | chromosomal fragment reattaches to its original chromosome but in reverse orientation | 97 | |
| 13631252789 | translocation | fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a non homologous chromosome | 98 | |
| 13631255467 | polyploidy | cell or organism has extra sets of chromosomes | 99 | |
| 13631257630 | nondisjunction | Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. | 100 | |
| 13631294830 | aneuploidy | any abnormal number of chromosomes | 101 | |
| 13631294831 | trisomy | 3 copies of a chromosome | 102 | |
| 13631297132 | trisomy 21 | Down syndrome | 103 | |
| 13634819645 | Griffith | discovered bacterial transformation through the transformation experiment | 104 | |
| 13634823558 | Avery, Macleod and McCarty | published classic findings that Griffith's transformation factor is DNA; provided direct experimental evidence that DNA was genetic material | 105 | |
| 13634873309 | Hershey and Chase | experiments lent strong support to theory that DNA is the genetic material -tagged bacteriophages with radioactive isotopes 32-phosphorous and 35-sulfur that labeled the DNA and protein coat respectively -only P entered the bacterium, proving that DNA was infecting bacteria | 106 | |
| 13634883597 | Rosalind Franklin | carried out X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a helix | 107 | |
| 13634885716 | Watson and Crick | correctly described double helix structure of DNA | 108 | |
| 13634887381 | Meselson and Stahl | proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion -cultured bacteria in heavy nitrogen medium and light nitrogen -resulting bacteria was midway in density between bacteria -demonstrated that the new bacteria contained DNA with one heavy strand and one light strand | 109 | |
| 13641013087 | three domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya | 110 | |
| 13641019772 | germ layers | Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body. ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm | 111 | |
| 13641021622 | ectoderm | the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue. | 112 | |
| 13641022730 | endoderm | the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems | 113 | |
| 13641022731 | mesoderm | the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm. becomes blood and bones | 114 | |
| 13641023436 | diploblastic | only having two cell layers | 115 | |
| 13641024660 | Which two primitive animals only have two cell layers? | Porifera Cnidarians | 116 | |
| 13641024661 | mesoglea | The middle layer of a two-layered animal, like sponges or hydra, which holds the two layers together. | 117 | |
| 13641026929 | bilateral animals are all... | triploblastic | 118 | |
| 13641026930 | phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species | 119 | |
| 13641032709 | shared ancestral trait | a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon | 120 | |
| 13641033574 | shared derived trait | characteristic found in more than one, but not all, descendant forms and not in the common ancestor | 121 | |
| 13641037108 | Know how to create a simple cladogram | yes | 122 | |
| 13641078627 | Bacteria have only one type of... | RNA polymerase | 123 | |
| 13641079402 | Do Bacteria have introns? | no,, only archaea and eukaryotes | 124 | |
| 13641082537 | Only Bacteria have _________ in cell wall | peptidoglycan | 125 | |
| 13641082538 | level of taxanomy | Domain- 1.kingdom 2.phylum 3.class 4.order 5.family 6.genus 7.species | 126 | |
| 13641090461 | characteristics of domain bacteria | 1.no membrane-enclosed organelles 2.peptidoglycan in cell wall 3.one type of RNA polymerase 4.no introns (non-coding regions of genes) 5.inhibited antibiotic sensitvity to streptomycin, chloramphenicol 6. all are prokaryotes | 127 | |
| 13641093187 | characteristics of domain archaea | 1) unicellular 2) prokaryotic 3) includes extremophiles 4) introns present in some genes 5) no peptidoglycan | 128 | |
| 13641095999 | characteristics of domain eukarya | 1) include kingdoms: protista, fungi, plants, and animals | 129 | |
| 13641101501 | characteristics of kingdom protista | 1) includes widest variety of organisms 2) includes organisms that don't fit into fungi or plant kingdoms ie seaweeds and slime molds 3) includes heterotrophs and autotrophs 4) mobility by varied methods (amoeba- pseudopods; paramecium- cilia; euglena- flagella( 5) some carry out conjugation | 130 | |
| 13641107832 | characteristics of kingdom fungi | 1) all are heterotrophs and eukaryotes 2) extracellular digestion, nutrients absorbed into body by diffusion 3) cell walls composed of chitin | 131 | |
| 13641111757 | characteristics of kingdom plantae | 1) autotrophic eukaryotes 2) some do and some do not have vascular tissue | 132 | |
| 13641115454 | characteristics of kingdom animalia | 1) heterotrophic, multicelluar eukaryotes 2) monophyletic 3) classified by anatomical features, DNA data, and embryonic dev | 133 | |
| 13641118228 | monophyletic | all animal lineages can be traced back to one common ancestor | 134 | |
| 13641131226 | characteristics of phylum porifera | 1. the sponges--invertebrates 2. no symmetry at all 3. nerves are sessile 4. filter nutrients from water drawn into a central cavity called a spongocoel 5. diploblastic 6. have no true tissues or organs, although they do have different types of cells 7.evolved from the colonial organism, if a sponge is broken up, it will grow into more sponges. 8.reproduce asexually by fragmentation as well as sexually: are hermaphrodites | 135 | |
| 13648625932 | characteristics of phylum cnidarians | 1.hydra and jellyfish 2.invertebrate 3.radial symmetry 4.body plan is the polyp (vase shaped) or the medusa (upside down bowl shaped) 5.Life cycle--some go through a planula larva (free-swimming) stage then go through two reproductive stages, asexually reproducing (polyp) and sexually reproducing (medusa) 6.two cell layers: ectoderm and endoderm connected by mesoglea 7.have a gastrovascular cavity where extracellular digestion occurs 8.also carry out intracellular digestion inside body cells, carried out in lysosomes 9.have no transport system because every cell is in contact with environment. 10. all members have stinging cells called cnidocytes | 136 | |
| 13648628687 | platyhelminthes phylum characteristics | 1.flatworms including tapeworms 2.simplest animals with bilaterial symmetry, an anterior end, three distinct cell layers, and cephalization 3.have true tissues and organs 4.digestive cavity has only one openin g for both ingestion and egestion so food cannot be processed continuously 5.flatworms are acoelomate, they have no coelom; they have a solid body with no room for digestive or respiratory systems to circulate food molecules or oxygen; they have solved this problem in 2 ways --the body is very flat, which keeps the body cells in direct contact with oxygen in the environment --the digestive cavity is branched so that good can be spread to all regions of the body | 137 | |
| 13648629437 | Nematoda characteristics | 1.roundworms 2.invertebrate 3.unsegmented worms with bilateral semmetry but little sensory apparatus 4.protostome pseudocoelomate 5.pseudocoelom transports nutrients, but there is inadequate room for a circulatory system 6.many are parisity, such as trichinella which causes trichinosis aquired form uncooked pork 7.one species, caenorhabditis elegans, is widely used as a model in studying the link between genes and development | 138 | |
| 13648632095 | annelida phylum characteristics | 1.segmented worms 2. invertebrate 3.protostome coelomates with bilateral symmetry but little sensory apparatus 4.digestive tract is a tube within a tube consisting of crop, gizzar, and intestine 5.nephridia for excretion of nitrogenous waste, urea 6.closed circulatory system-heart consists of five pairs of aortic arches 7.blood contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen 8.diffusion of oxy and carbon dioxide through moist skin 9.are hermaphroditic, but do not self fertilize | 139 | |
| 13648633121 | mollusca phylum characteristics | 1.squids, octopuses, slugs, clams, and snails 2.invertebrate 3.protostome coelomates 4.have a soft body often protected by a hard calcium-containing shell 5.have bilateral symmetry with three distinct body zones --head-foot, which contains sensory and motor organs --visceral mass, which contains the organs of digestion, excretion, and reporduction --mantle, a specialized tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell 6.radula, a movable, tooth bearing structure, acts like a tongue 7.open circulatory system with blood-filled spaces called hemocoels; lack capillaries 8.most have gills and nephridia | 140 | |
| 13648634371 | arthropoda | 1.insects (grasshoppers), crustaceans (shrimp, crabs), and arachnids (spiders) 2.invertebrate 3.protosome coelomates 4.jointed appendages 5.segmented: head, thorax, abdomen 6.havign more sensory apparatus than the annelids gives them more speed and freedom of movement 7.chitinous exoskeleton protects the animal and aids in movement 8.malpighian tobules for removal of nitrogenous wastes, uric acid 9.air ducts called trachea bring air from environment into hemocoels 10. some have book lungs or book gills | 141 | |
| 13648635503 | echinodermata | 1.sea stars, sea urchins 2.invertebrate 3.deuterostome 4.most are sessile or slow moving 5.bilateral symmetry as an embryo but reverts to the primitive radial symmetry as an adult, the radial anatomy is an adaptation to a sedentary lifestyle 6.water vascular system, which is a modified coelom, creates hydrostatic support for tube feet, the locomotive structures 7.reproduces sexually by eternal fertilization 8.also reproduce by fragmentation and regeneration 9. sea stars have an endoskeleton consisting of calcium plates, which grow with the body | 142 | |
| 13648636077 | chordata | 1.fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals 2.vertebrate 3.deuterostome coelomates 4.have a notochord, a rod that extends the length of the body and serves as a flexible axis 5.dorsal, hollow nerve cord 6.tail aids in movement and balance 7.birds and mammals and endotherms and homeotherms, but all others are ectotherms | 143 | |
| 13648722236 | the right side up in which DNA runs | 5 - 3 | 144 | |
| 13648722898 | purines | Adenine and Guanine, double ring structure | 145 | |
| 13648723468 | Pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine, uracil, triple hydrogen bonds | 146 | |
| 13648736463 | steps of DNA replication | 1) helicase separates the DNA strands 2) SSB proteins prevent DNA from reanneling 3) primase creates RNA primer 4) DNA polymerase extends DNA strand from the primer 5) DNA polymerase I (RNase H) removes the primers 6) ligase joins the okazaki fragments of the lagging strand | 147 | |
| 13648740216 | helicase | unzips DNA | 148 | |
| 13648740217 | Telomores | lengths of repeating DNA; timekeepers for the cells - once used up the cell stops dividing | 149 | |
| 13872811899 | cytochrome c | 150 |
