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| 15161163019 | Oparin-Haldane hypothesis | Earth had a reducing (electron adding) environment where simple molecules + energy (UV lightening) formed organic compounds |  | 0 |
| 15161193105 | Miller-Urey experiment | Created conditions of early Earth and synthesized amino acids |  | 1 |
| 15161205679 | 4 Steps of Life | 1. Amino acids and nitrogenous bases formed from small molecules (monomers) 2. Amino acids joined to form proteins; nitrogenous bases joined to form nucleic acids (polymers) 3. Protocells formed- membranes with polymers 4. Self-replicating molecules allowed the inheritance of traits |  | 2 |
| 15161244364 | Genome | The total amount of DNA in an organism or virus (coding and non-coding DNA) |  | 3 |
| 15161255381 | Alignment | Lining up the genes from different species can show how closely they are related |  | 4 |
| 15161274526 | Comparing genomes | Alignment show when nucleotides (DNA/RNA) or amino acids (proteins) are the same in different species |  | 5 |
| 15161296105 | Conversed processes: Genetic Code | 1. All organism have some sort of DNA 2. Organisms use the same nucleotides (A, C, T, G) in their DNA 3. Organisms transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into protein |  | 6 |
| 15161314819 | Hox genes | -Found in multiple organisms to drive animal development showing Hox expression - Indicate other cells to express proteins |  | 7 |
| 15161337209 | Metabolic Pathways | Conserved core process |  | 8 |
| 15161341696 | Genotype | The set of alleles in an organism (AA, Aa, aa) |  | 9 |
| 15161353699 | Penotype | Observable physical and physiological traits determined by genotype (tall, purple, blood type AB). |  | 10 |
| 15161383181 | Darwin's theory of Natural Selection | 1. Individuals with a population differ 2. The differences are, at least in part, passed from parents to offspring 3. Some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others 4. The successful individuals succeed because of variant traits they have inherited and will pass onto their offspring |  | 11 |
| 15161451960 | Genetic variation | 1. New alleles (mutation) 2. Changing gene number or position (duplication, translocation) 3. Rapid reproduction (bacteria) 4. Sexual reproduction (recombination) |  | 12 |
| 15161476079 | Caution!!!!!! | Environments do NOT change genotypes- enviroments select some phenotypes for survival |  | 13 |
| 15161496827 | Adaptation | A gene (trait or characteristics) that is inherited by an organism that increase the chances of successful reproduction and survival in an environment |  | 14 |
| 15161520308 | Genetic Variation | Differing genotypes or alleles in a population leading to different features/ characteristics/ phenotypes expressed | | 15 |
| 15161537643 | Fitness | A measure of how well a genotype results in future offspring (reproductive success) |  | 16 |
| 15277270774 | Genetic variation | Differing genotypes or alleles in a population leading to different features/characteristics/ phenotypes expressed | | 17 |
| 15277288809 | Chance & Evolution | Chance and random events can also affect evolution |  | 18 |
| 15277305916 | Types of environmental pressure | 1. Overpopulation 2. Changing environment 3. Resource competition 4. Predators (over population of predators) |  | 19 |
| 15277326812 | 3 Types of Natural Selection | Directional, Stabilizing and Disruption Selection |  | 20 |
| 15277354812 | Directional Selection | Natural selection that favors genes to the left or right of the mean variant |  | 21 |
| 15277370103 | Stabilizing selection | Natural selection that favors the mean variant in the population |  | 22 |
| 15277422698 | Disruptive selection | Natural selection that favors the genes to the left and right of the mean variant in the population |  | 23 |
| 15277448181 | Sexual selection | Form of natural selection where individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to mate |  | 24 |
| 15277456670 | Balancing selection | Natural selection that maintains variation by keeping unfavorable recessive alleles in a population |  | 25 |
| 15277481350 | Species | A population of organisms whose members interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring |  | 26 |
| 15277503752 | Speciation | An evolution process where one species splits into two or more species |  | 27 |
| 15277512945 | Adaptive radiation | Evolutionary change where organisms from new species with adaptations that fill different ecological roles(niches) in a community |  | 28 |
| 15277541556 | Speciation rates | Speciation rates vary over time, especially when adaptive radiation allows organisms to enter new niches |  | 29 |
| 15277559900 | Extinction | Extinction occurs rapidly at time of ecological stress |  | 30 |
| 15277576415 | Allopartic speciation | A population is divided by geographic isolation, resulting in speciation |  | 31 |
| 15277617979 | Sympatric speciation | A population forms a new species in the SAME geographic location | | 32 |
| 15277639869 | Polyploidy | An event where cells inherit extra chromosomes (poly=many; ploid=chromosome number) resulting in a new species |  | 33 |
| 15277663449 | Homology | Similar structures or processes resulting from common ancestry (decent with modification) |  | 34 |
| 15277674919 | 3 types of homology | 1. An atomical (Limbs) 2. Molecular (DNA or protein sequence) 3. Developmental (Cell division) |  | 35 |
| 15277702365 | Biogeography | The study of geographic variation in nature from genes to entire communities and ecosystems - Geographic distribution of species: evidence for evolution |  | 36 |
| 15277731240 | Reproductive isolation | The existence of biological factors( barriers) that prevent two different species from forming viable, fertile offspring |  | 37 |
| 15277751439 | Zygote | The diploid cell produced by haploid cells after fertilization |  | 38 |
| 15277755767 | Prezygotic barriers | Barriers to reproduction before successful fertilization |  | 39 |
| 15277771556 | Post zygotic barriers | Barriers to reproduction following successful fertilization |  | 40 |
| 15277788164 | Hybrid zone | Area where two species meet and mate producing some mixed offspring |  | 41 |
| 15277807815 | 3 outcomes of hybrid zones | 1. Reinforcement: barriers is stronger 2. Fusion: barriers is weakened 3. Stability: hybrid organisms continue to form |  | 42 |
| 15277827869 | Population | Group of individuals that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring |  | 43 |
| 15277836897 | Gene pool | All copies of every type of allele in a population |  | 44 |
| 15277849729 | Allele frequency | How often an allele (R or r) is seen in a population |  | 45 |
| 15277860391 | Genotype | How often a genotype (RR,Rr, or rr) is seen in a population |  | 46 |
| 15277870715 | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | When allele frequencies in a population remain constant |  | 47 |
| 15278848807 | 5 Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | 1. No selection (no sexual or natural selection) 2. No mutation 3. No migration (prevent genetic drift & gene flow) 4. Large population (less shifting in the frequency) 5. Random mating (gets rid of sexual selection) |  | 48 |
| 15278893033 | Calculating allele frequency | p+q=1 p²+2pq+q²=1 p² + 2pq= Dominant phenotype q²= recessive phenotype |  | 49 |
| 15278922388 | 3 main causes of evolutionary change | 1. Natural selection 2. Genetic drift 3. Gene flow |  | 50 |
| 15278930864 | Genetic drift | Chance events that cause allele frequencies to change, resulting in evolution |  | 51 |
| 15278942001 | Founder effect | Type of genetic drift where a few organisms are isolated from a population and establish a new population |  | 52 |
| 15278978555 | Bottleneck effect | Type of genetic drift where a severe drop in a population number causes some alleles to become favored |  | 53 |
| 15278993007 | Gene flow | Transfer of alleles in or out of a population due to immigration or emigration, resulting in evolution |  | 54 |
| 15279004185 | Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species or group of species |  | 55 |
| 15279010998 | Taxonomy | Scientific discipline that names and classifies organisms |  | 56 |
| 15279018746 | Phylogenetic tree | Branching diagram that shows the evolutionary history of the organism |  | 57 |
| 15279034710 | Analogy | Similarity due to convergent evolution, or the independent evolution of shared traits |  | 58 |
| 15279051450 | Two types of homology | 1. Morphological homology 2. Molecular homology |  | 59 |
| 15279070023 | Morphological homology | Closely related species share morphological homology (similar limbs, etc) - Phenotype | | 60 |
| 15279112292 | Molecular homology | Closely related species share identical or similar DNA sequences -Genotype |  | 61 |
| 15279130368 | Shared ancestral character | Trait from an ancestor of the clade (backbone) |  | 62 |
| 15279137153 | Shared derived character | Evolutionary novelty shared by a clade (mammal hair) | | 63 |
| 15279143344 | Maximum parsimony | building evolutionary trees with the fewest morphological or molecular events (simplest explanation) |  | 64 |
