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| 10127334074 | Channel Proteins | Provide open passageways through the membranes of certain hydrophilic (water soluble) substances such as polar and charged molecules. | 0 | |
| 10127340586 | Aquaporins | Are channel proteins of certain cells (such as those found in kidneys and roots) that dramatically increase the passage rate of H2O molecules. | 1 | |
| 10127349676 | Ion Channels | Allow the passage of ions across the membrane. | 2 | |
| 10127353497 | Gated Channels | Ion channels in the nerve and muscle cells that open and close in response to specific chemical or electrical stimuli to allow the passage of specific ions (such as Na+ or K+). | 3 | |
| 10127361017 | Carrier Proteins | Bind to specific molecules, which are then transferred across the membrane after the carrier protein undergoes a change of shape. The passage of glucose into a cell is by a carrier protein. | 4 | |
| 10127374292 | Transport Proteins | Use energy (in the form of ATP, adenosine triphosphate) to transport materials across the membrane. When energy is used for this purpose, the materials are said to be actively transported, and the process is called active transport. | 5 | |
| 10127383718 | The Sodium Potassium Pump | Uses ATP to maintain higher concentrations of Na+ and K+ on opposite sides of the plasma membrane. | 6 | |
| 10127387536 | Recognition Proteins | Give each cell type a unique identification. This identification provides for distinction between cell types, between self cells and foreign cells, and between normal cells and cells infected with viruses. | 7 | |
| 10127403001 | Glycoproteins | Proteins with short polysaccharide chains that extend away from the surface of the membrane. The difference between blood types, for example, are the result of recognition proteins on the surface of red blood cells. | 8 | |
| 10127415886 | Receptor Proteins | Provide binding sites for hormones or other trigger molecules. In response to the hormone or trigger molecule, a specific cell response is activated. | 9 | |
| 10127419500 | Adhesion Proteins | Attach cells to neighboring cells or provide anchors for the internal filaments and tubules that give stability to the cell. | 10 | |
| 10127431220 | Cholesterol | Molecules distributed throughout the phospholipid bilayer provide some stability to the plasma membranes of animal cells. At higher temperatures, cholesterol helps maintain firmness, but at lower temperatures, it helps keep the membrane flexible. | 11 | |
| 10127443497 | Organelles | Are bodies within the cytoplasm that serve to physically separate the various metabolic reactions that occur within eukaryotic cells. Within these bodies, chemical reactions are isolated and can take place without interference or competition with other reactions that might be occurring nearby. | 12 | |
| 10127456876 | Nucleus | Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ), the hereditary information of the cell. It is bound by the nuclear envelope consisting of two phospholipid bilayers, each similar to the plasma membrane. | 13 | |
| 10127472214 | Ribosome | Sub-units are manufactured in the nucleus and consist of RNA molecules and proteins. The two sub-units, labeled 60S and 40S, move across the nuclear envelope through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm, where they are assembled into a single 80S ribosome. (An S value expresses how readily a product forms sediment in a centrifuge, with larger values representing larger and heavier products.) In the cytoplasm, ribosomes assist in the assembly of amino acids and proteins. | 14 |
