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| 8210151220 | Versatility of Carbon | The unique properties of carbon make it a central part of biological molecules. Carbon binds to oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen covalently to form the many molecules important for cellular function. Carbon has four electrons in its outermost (valence) shell and can form four bonds. Carbon and hydrogen can form hydrocarbon chains or rings. |  | 0 |
| 8210156049 | Functional groups | groups of atoms that confer specific properties to hydrocarbon (or substituted hydrocarbon) chains or rings that define their overall chemical characteristics and function. |  | 1 |
| 8210040135 | Phosphate Group | consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms. Acidic (notice that two oxygens are ionized because they have "donated" their H+) |  | 2 |
| 8210040136 | Amino Group | composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It acts as a base by picking up H+ from a solution and becoming NH3. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, contain a carboxyl and an amino group. Side Note: How does this relate to the Nitrogen cycle? |  | 3 |
| 8210040137 | Carbonyl Group | Makes the molecule polar and therefore hydrophilic. A carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. If the carbon of the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton, the compound is called an aldehyde; if it is within the chain, the compound is called a ketone. Sugars contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups. |  | 4 |
| 8210040138 | Hydroxyl Group | Makes the molecule polar and therefore hydrophilic. Consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton. Ethanol and other organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols. |  | 5 |
| 8210040139 | Sulfhydryl | consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen |  | 6 |
| 8210040140 | Carboxyl Group | The carboxyl group (symbolized as COOH) has both a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon atom, resulting in new properties. Molecules containing carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids and dissociate partially into H+ and COO−. |  | 7 |
| 8210040141 | Methyl | consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens. Compounds with these groups are called methylated compounds. Non-polar and therefore hydrophobic. |  | 8 |
| 8210107752 | Van der Waal interactions between functional groups | Hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges between functional groups (within the same molecule or between different molecules) are important to the function of many macromolecules and help them to fold properly into and maintain the appropriate shape for functioning. Hydrogen bonds are also involved in various recognition processes, such as DNA complementary base pairing and the binding of an enzyme to its substrate, as illustrated in Figure 1. |  | 9 |
| 8210121626 | Fructose | What functional groups can be found in a fructose molecule? Think about what properties these groups have (see image) |  | 10 |
| 8210133222 | Leucine | What functional groups can be found in a leucine molecule? What properties do these groups have?(see image) |  | 11 |
| 8210269836 | Important root words | mono = one; example monomer poly = many; example polymer hydro = water; example hydrolysis & dehydration syn = together; example synthesis lys = apart; example hydrolysis | 12 | |
| 8210298039 | dehydration synthesis | either the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer releasing a molecule of water, or two hydrogens from one monomer combine with one oxygen from the other monomer releasing a molecule of water. |  | 13 |
| 8210310741 | hydrolysis | Hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy by adding a molecule of water. |  | 14 |
