Terms : Hide Images
| 8304001378 | Beads on a string | Nucleosome | 0 | |
| 8304001379 | Protein that DNA wraps around | Histone | 1 | |
| 8304006397 | String of nucleosomes | Chromatin | 2 | |
| 8304028881 | Active chromatin | Euchromatin | 3 | |
| 8304028882 | Silent, dense chromatin | Heterochromatin | 4 | |
| 8304034128 | Haploid | One copy of each chromosome per cell. | 5 | |
| 8304034129 | Diploid | Two full copies of each chromosome | 6 | |
| 8304035664 | Polyploid | More than two full copies of each chromosome | 7 | |
| 8304043891 | Homologous pairs | Chromosomes with the same genes in the same location, but perhaps different alleles | 8 | |
| 8304050900 | What connects sister chromatids? | Centromere | 9 | |
| 8304058834 | Kinetochore | Cytoskeleton fibers that attach to the centromere to ensure proper separation during mitosis | 10 | |
| 8304061782 | Structural genes | Specific coded instructions for proteins | 11 | |
| 8304066088 | Embryonic genes | Genes that affect the development of an embryo but turn off after birth | 12 | |
| 8304072592 | Control regions | "Switches" to turn genes on or off | 13 | |
| 8304076614 | Telomere | Non-coding areas at the end of each gene that shorten with each replication | 14 | |
| 8304102303 | Parts of the interphase | G1, *G0, S, G2 | 15 | |
| 8304106891 | What takes up the most of a cell's lifespan? | Interphase, 95% | 16 | |
| 8304113481 | G1 | The cell performs its cellular function and increases in size. DNA exists as single chromosomes. Cells wait for environmental cues to divide. | 17 | |
| 8304119686 | G(0) | G1 but cell is not waiting for cues to divide. | 18 | |
| 8304122220 | S | DNA is replicated, resulting in chromosomes that consist of two sister chromatids made of dense heterochromatin. | 19 | |
| 8304142626 | G2 | Cell grows and produces membranes, proteins, and organelles in preparation for division | 20 | |
| 8304152068 | Mitosis (M) | The cell is focused on properly lining up the chromosomes and dividing in two. It does not perform its cellular function at this time, and the process lasts only a few hours. | 21 | |
| 8304163571 | 2 Properties of normal cells | Contact inhibition, anchorage dependence | 22 | |
| 8304174278 | 2 Properties of cancerous cells | Grow and divide rapidly even when crowded, get loose and travel through the blood (metastasis) | 23 | |
| 8304181855 | Cells should only divide in order to... | Grow from embryo, grow from young to adult, repair damaged cells, and produce protective structures (skin/hair/bark) | 24 | |
| 8304190742 | G1 Checkpoint | The cell receives the signal to divide or not. This is the most vital checkpoint. | 25 | |
| 8304206888 | G2 Checkpoint | The cell checks if it has enough nutrients & building materials as well as if each chromosome has a complete sister chromatid. | 26 | |
| 8304235175 | M Checkpoint | The cell determines whether its chromosomes are properly lined up across the center. If not, apoptosis occurs. (metaphase of M) | 27 | |
| 8304250241 | Cyclins | Chemicals made by the cell when growth stimuli exist and degrade after use. These accumulate during G1 and G2. Quick rise --> cell division. | 28 | |
| 8304261274 | Things that cause an increase in cyclins | Neighboring cell dies, high growth hormone concentration, high nutrient concentration, old age of cell, long telomeres, cell type (skin? hair? etc) | 29 | |
| 8304272833 | Things that inhibit cyclin production | Crowding of cells, low growth hormone, low nutrients, young cell age, short telomeres, cell type (neuron?) | 30 | |
| 8304280436 | Kinases | Proteins that give the go-ahead at cell cycle checkpoints. Work by phosphorylating proteins in the cell, allowing it to perform tasks related to growth and division. | 31 | |
| 8304284427 | Cyclin Dependent Kinases | Kinases that must bind to a certain cyclin in order to be active. | 32 | |
| 8304303077 | MPF | Maturation promoting factor, the G2 cdk that allows mitosis to start. | 33 | |
| 8304310637 | Cyclin Expression Cycle |  | 34 | |
| 8304313873 | Tumor Suppression genes, and the best known one | Genes that force the cell to commit apoptosis if checkpoints are failed. Best known: p53, which activates DNA repair genes and inactivates certain cdks, thereby halting the cell cycle | 35 | |
| 8304330684 | Proto-oncogenes, and the best known one | Govern go-ahead signals, including the cell's response to cdk and cyclin levels. Best known: ras, mutant versions cause synthesis of a protein inducing kinase synthesis without cyclin. | 36 | |
| 8304368320 | Prophase |  | 37 | |
| 8304370674 | Metaphase |  | 38 | |
| 8304375496 | Anaphase |  | 39 | |
| 8304385493 | Telophase |  | 40 | |
| 8304388937 | Cytokinesis | animals: cleavage furrow, plants: cell plate |  | 41 |
| 8304420575 | Three factors that lead to genetic diversity in sexual reproduction | Independent assortment, crossing over, and mutations | 42 | |
| 8304426598 | Reduction Division | Meiosis reduces cells from 1 diploid cell to 4 genetically unique haploid gamete cells. | 43 | |
| 8304438055 | What is separated during Meiosis I? | Homologous Chromosomes | 44 | |
| 8304442242 | What is separated during Meiosis II? | Sister Chromatids | 45 | |
| 8304448666 | When does crossing over occur? | During Prophase I | 46 | |
| 8304489037 | Crossover Point | Chiasmata | 47 | |
| 8304501482 | When are genes not linked? | When they are on different chromosomes so they assort independently or when they are far apart so crossing over can occur. | 48 | |
| 8304504661 | When are genes linked? | When they are close together so there is little space for a crossing over point between them. | 49 | |
| 8304527111 | Law of Segregation and mutation exception | After meiosis I, allele pairs separate because homologous chromosomes split. Exception: nondisjunction | 50 | |
| 8304534388 | Law of Independent Assortment | Traits (that are not close together on the same chromosome) assort independently of each other. | 51 | |
| 8304548499 | 9:3:3:1 Ratio | The expected appearance of phenotypes in a dihybrid cross: 9 dominant dominant, 3 dominant recessive, 3 recessive dominant, 1 recessive recessive | 52 | |
| 8304604924 | Law of Dominance and exceptions | 2 Alleles exist for each trait. If at least one dominant allele is present, the organism will express it. Exceptions: incomplete dominance, codominance, pleitropic genes | 53 | |
| 8304618010 | Nondisjunction | When chromosomes fail to separate properly. | 54 | |
| 8304623662 | Example of Incomplete Dominance | Red flower (RR) x White flower (rr) = pink flower (Rr) | 55 | |
| 8304625462 | Example of Codominance | Red cow C^rC^r x White cow C^wC^w = Roan cow C^rC^w | 56 | |
| 8304636735 | Pleitropic Genes | Genes that have different effects in different cells. Example: cystic fibrosis, a disease that creates a faulty CFTR chloride ion channel, which harms the function of many organ system | 57 | |
| 8304658583 | Environmental factors that affect gene expression | Altitude, temperature, activity level, and nutrition can all change how an organism expresses its genes. For example, hydrangea flowers are different colors depending on the pH of the soil. | 58 | |
| 8304676405 | Quantitative Characteristics | Traits that show variance along a continuum, usually because there are multiple genes involved. | 59 | |
| 8304679678 | Polygenic traits | Traits which are determined by multiple genes. | 60 | |
| 8304702004 | Epistasis | When one gene regulates the expression of another, so that if it is turned off, the phenotype will be a certain way regardless of the other genotype | 61 | |
| 8304827967 | Sex Linked Trait | Found on the X Chromosome. Recessive: men inherit them from their mothers and express it more often than females because they only have one copy of the gene | 62 | |
| 8304852019 | Barr body | X Chromosome turned off and massed. Random one for each nucleus | 63 |
