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| 12713581842 | gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |  | 0 |
| 12713583108 | allele | the particular version of that gene (diploid/haploid) |  | 1 |
| 12713589429 | genotype | genetic makeup of an organism the alleles you have for a particular trait Bb and Aa etc. |  | 2 |
| 12713592846 | phenotype | An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. |  | 3 |
| 12713596904 | dominant | An allele that is always expressed (1 or 2 copies in the genotype) |  | 4 |
| 12713600446 | recessive | An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present two copies of the allele are needed to produce the phenotype |  | 5 |
| 12713612205 | homozygous | An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait |  | 6 |
| 12713612874 | heterozygous | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait |  | 7 |
| 12713615201 | true breeding | term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |  | 8 |
| 12713619642 | locus | physical location of a gene on a chromosome |  | 9 |
| 12713621839 | law of segregation | Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete |  | 10 |
| 12713626244 | law of independent assortment | the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis |  | 11 |
| 12713634183 | multiple alleles | A gene that has more than two alleles for a trait |  | 12 |
| 12713636920 | incomplete dominance | Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele; heterozygous shows an intermediate blended phenotype |  | 13 |
| 12713642037 | co-dominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism but seperately |  | 14 |
| 12713645036 | pleiotropy | one gene affects more than one phenotypic character most genes are pleiotropic |  | 15 |
| 12713652461 | epistasis | one gene completely masks another gene ex: coat color in mice |  | 16 |
| 12713657480 | polygenic inheritance | phenotypes determined by additive effects of 2 or more genes phenotypes on a continuum ex: skin color, height, weight, intelligence etc. |  | 17 |
| 12713668848 | y chromosome | has the SRY gene, turns on other genes for production of male hormones MANY EFFECTS= PLEIOTROPY | 18 | |
| 12713672971 | x chromosome | a few genes/traits "sex-linked" usually means "x-linked" | 19 | |
| 12713674517 | sex linked | x linked | 20 | |
| 12713675750 | hemophilia | x linked recessive | 21 | |
| 12713677226 | autosomal | all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked. |  | 22 |
| 12713679040 | meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |  | 23 |
| 12713683918 | linkage | when independent assortment DOES NOT occur not that many chromosomes but thousands of genes end up with two parental and two recombinant genes they will be inherited together UNLESS crossing over occurs and they become split up not necessarily for similar traits | 24 | |
| 12713685610 | chromosome mapping | process for determining the relative position of genes on a chromosome | 25 | |
| 12713687129 | parental | an offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the true-breeding parental (P generation) phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself | 26 | |
| 12713690095 | recombinant | An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents; also called recombinant type. |  | 27 |
| 12713692882 | map units | A measurement of the distance between genes; one map unit is equivalent to a 1 percent recombination frequency. | 28 | |
| 12713692883 | polyploidy | A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. common in plants not animals |  | 29 |
| 12713695550 | nondisjunction | Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. RESULT: one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome and another gamete receives none |  | 30 |
| 12713697468 | monosomic zygote | has only one copy of a particular chromosome |  | 31 |
| 12713699493 | trisomic zygote | has three copies of a particular chromosome | | 32 |
| 12713701407 | amniocentesis | sample of amniotic fluid from UTERUS that has some of the baby's cells |  | 33 |
| 12713702799 | chronic villi sampling | sample of PLACENTA that has baby's cells |  | 34 |
| 12713704272 | population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area |  | 35 |
| 12713705011 | gene pool | Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population |  | 36 |
| 12713706629 | genotype frequency | The proportion of a genotype among individuals in a population. |  | 37 |
| 12713708207 | allele frequency | Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene |  | 38 |
| 12713713644 | bottleneck | A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population |  | 39 |
| 12713715088 | founder | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population |  | 40 |
| 12713716070 | deleterious | harmful | 41 | |
| 12713719330 | recessive refuge | a phenomenon that enables a deleterious recessive allele to persist in a gene pool by "hiding out" in heterozygous individuals | 42 | |
| 12713724808 | pedigree | family tree tracking gene/disease generations are labeled in roman numerals | 43 | |
| 12713761592 | down syndrome | trisomy 21 | 44 | |
| 12713762946 | patau | trisomy 13 small head, clef lip, deformed ears and extra fingers |  | 45 |
| 12713765176 | edward | trisomy 18 small mouth, jaw, wide nipples, deformed ears and overlapping fingers |  | 46 |
| 12713769347 | kleinfelter | XXY males sterile feminine features | 47 | |
| 12713774556 | turner | XO females need female hormones sterile | 48 | |
| 12790008578 | hardy weinberg | model for a population NOT undergoing evolution | 49 | |
| 12790012590 | assumptions HW | large population size (not too big) random mating NO natural selection NO emigration/immigration NO genetic mutations | 50 | |
| 12790019076 | additional assumptions | diploid sexually reproducing | 51 | |
| 12790021460 | causes | mutations gene flow non random mating genetic drift natural selection **HW VIOLATED** | 52 | |
| 12790026453 | genetic drift | smaller then greater chance of random deviation how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably reduces genetic variation through loss alleles | 53 | |
| 12790043613 | gene flow | movement of alleles among a population reduces variation among populations can decrease and increase the fitness of a population | 54 | |
| 12790055574 | natural selection | consistently causes ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION improvement in match between organisms differential success in reproduction results in the certain alleles being passed down increases the frequencies of alleles that provide reproductive advantages | 55 | |
| 12790075059 | balancing selection | diploidy maintains genetic variation in the form of RECESSIVE alleles hidden from selection in HETEROzygotes (RECESSIVE REFUGE) occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of 2+ phenotypes form in a population | 56 | |
| 12790086787 | heterozygote advantage | have a higher fitness that HOMOzygotes natural selection will tend to maintain two or more | 57 |
