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| 6895186729 | Goals of meiosis | The goal of meiosis is to produce sperm & eggs (gametes). | 0 | |
| 6895186730 | Significance of events in prophase I and metaphase I | Significance of Prophase 1: In prophase 1, crossing-over occurs, which allows for genetic variation. Significance of Metaphase 1: In metaphase 1, | 1 | |
| 6895186731 | Significance of crossing over to evolutionary history | Crossing over results in recombinant DNA, which leads to genetic variation. This variation helped humans adapt to changes in the environment and helps us evolve to this day. | 2 | |
| 6895186732 | Be able to ID specific stages of meiosis I or II | Meiosis 1: In meiosis 1, crossing over occurs, and the diploid cell is separated into 2 Meiosis 2: In meiosis 2, no crossing over occurs, and the haploid cells are further separated so the sister chromatids are all separate. |  | 3 |
| 6895186733 | Be able to interpret a karyotype | A normal karyotype consists of: (see picture attached) |  | 4 |
| 6895186734 | Mendel's 3 principles & experiment (P, F1, F2) | Principle 1: Law of independent assortment (When two pairs of independent alleles enter into combination in the F2, they exhibit independent dominant effects.)(9:3:3:1 ratio) Principle 2: Law of dominance (Some traits Mendel observed as "dominant" to other traits, which are considered "recessive") Principle 3: Law of segregation (Mendel demonstrated that a hybrid between two different varieties possesses both types of parental factors, which subsequently separate or segregate in the gametes) (3:1 ratio) Generation P=Parents F1= First generation after F2= "grandkids" of Parent generation | 5 | |
| 6895186735 | Monohybrid, Dihybrid & Trihybrid characteristic phenotypic ratios | Monohybrid: 1:2:1 Dihybrid: 9:3:3:1 Trihybrid: 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 | 6 | |
| 6895186736 | Why did Mendel use pea plants | Mendel used pea plants because of their: -short generation time -large # of offspring -controlled mating (cross-pollination) | 7 | |
| 6895186737 | Epistasis Word Problems: EX: The chicken comb problem (single comb, rose comb, walnut comb) or the colored mice problem. | To solve epistasis problems, you would do a dihybrid cross and end up with a 9:3:3:1 ratio. |  | 8 |
| 6895186738 | Multiple alleles (blood type) | To solve blood type problems you would have to analyze the parents' blood type. For example, if Mom has type A, she either has the genotype IAi or IAIA. If Dad has blood type B, he is either IBIB or IBi. The child then, would either be the genotype IAIB (therefore type AB) or would have the genotype of ii (therefore type O). In another example, if Mom is type A (IAIA or IAi), the baby is type O, the father must then the father can either be type A, B, or O himself. The father cannot, however, be type AB. | 9 | |
| 6895186739 | Incomplete dominance -Ratio -What it is/example -Word Problems & how to solve them | The phenotypic ratio is 1:2:1. The difference between incomplete dominance and codominance is that there is no "blending" of traits (such as redxwhite flowers making pink flowers). Incomplete dominance means that both traits show (such as roan cattle). Example of a word problem: In this same cactus, if you cross a plant that has red flowers to one that has yellow flowers, you produce a plant that has orange flowers. Is this codominance or incomplete dominance? Show the cross of an orange flowered plant to a red flowered plant. Question: Is this codominance or incomplete dominance? A: It's incomplete dominance because neither trait shows. | 10 | |
| 6895186740 | Codominance -Ratio -What they are/examples -World Problems & how to solve them | The phenotypic ratio for codominance is 1:2:1. Codominance is when both traits show, and there is no clear dominance. An example of this is AB blood type; both the A allele and B allele show up, and neither is dominant over the other. Example of a word problem: In a certain cactus, prickly spines can be two pronged or one pronged. If a true breeding one-pronged cactus is crossed with a true breeding two-pronged cactus, the F1 generation has a mixture of spines, some are two-pronged, some are one-pronged. Question: What would the F2 generation look like? Answer: Well if you cross the P generation, FF and ff, the F1 generation will all be Ff (and will have mixture of spines). If you cross the Ff with another Ff, you'll have: 1/4 two-pronged, 1/4 one-pronged, 2/4 mixed. | 11 | |
| 6895186741 | Sex-linked traits -Ratio -What they are/examples -Word Problems & how to solve them | Ratio: Varies Example: Colorblindness Word problem: Red-green color blindness is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A color-blind man marries a woman with normal vision whose father was color-blind. (a) What is the probability that they will have a color-blind daughter? (b)What is the probability that their first son will be color-blind? Answer A: Mother's genotype (normal vision but whose father was color blind) XNXn. She is a carrier because of her heterozygous condition. For the recessive gene to be expressed one must be homozygous for it. So the father's genotype (color blind) is XnY. The kids will then be: XNXn one normal (carrier) girl XNY one normal boy XnXn one color blind girl XnY one color blind boy SOOO, there is a 25% chance that their daughter will be colorblind. Answer B: The probability that their first son is color blind is 50% (0.50). In this question only males are part of the solution. | 12 | |
| 6895186742 | Pedigrees: Autosomal dominant vs recessive | Autosomal dominant: -If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and women the disorder is autosomal -If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder -Does not skip generations Autosomal recessive: -If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous - Trait tends to skip generations | 13 | |
| 6895186743 | Pedigrees: Sex-linked dominant vs recessive | Sex-linked dominant: -Both males and females are affected; often more females than males are affected -Does not skip generations -Affected fathers will pass the trait on to all their daughters Sex-linked recessive: -More males than females are affected -It is never passed from father to son -All daughters of affected fathers are carriers | 14 | |
| 6895186744 | Pedigrees: Mitochondrial | -Trait is inherited from mother only -All children of a mother are at risk to be affected or carriers |  | 15 |
| 6895186745 | Pedigrees: Y-linked traits | (Y Linked Dominant) -Only males are affected -It is passed from father to all sons -It does not skip generations | 16 | |
| 6895186746 | Significance of Morgan's work with Drosophila melanogaster | Morgan used fruit flies which are cheap to breed and do so quickly. They have the same number of chromosomes as humans, so it makes for precise and accurate genetic research. | 17 | |
| 6895186747 | X inactivation in females? Barr Body? | A Barr Body is an inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell. The inactivation is random - one X chromosome may be turned off in one cell and the other X chromosome inactivated in a neighboring cell. Once a chromosome is turned off it remains turned off in all descendent cells. | 18 | |
| 6895186748 | What are linked genes? How linkage affects inheritance? | Linked genes sit close together on a chromosome, making them likely to be inherited together, (recall the adding up and crossing over lab). |  | 19 |
| 6895186749 | How can crossing over and recombination of linked genes be used to create gene maps (see pgs 301-304) | Sturtevant predicted that the farther apart that two genes are, the higher the probability that a cross-over will occur and therefore there would be a higher recombination frequency. Going off of that, a genetic map based off of those recombination frequencies was made and is called a linkage map. Using that and a cytogenic map, you can plot out the order of genes. | 20 | |
| 6895186750 | Huntington's Disease: symptoms & inheritance patterns | Symptoms: -abnormality walking -increased muscle activity -involuntary movements -problems with coordination, loss of muscle, or muscle spasms Inheritance pattern: Autosomal dominant | 21 | |
| 6895186751 | Sickle-cell anemia: Symptoms & inheritance patterns | Symptoms: -joint pain -fatigue -abnormal breakdown of red blood cells -delayed development -inflamed fingers and toes Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive | 22 | |
| 6895186752 | Hemophilia (Remember the 4H Club) symptoms & inheritance patterns | Symptoms: -pain in the joints -constant bleeding -bruising easily Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive | 23 | |
| 6895186753 | Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms & inheritance patterns | Symptoms: -muscle weakness -learn disability -walking on tip-toe -enlarged calves Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive | 24 | |
| 6895186754 | Colorblindness Symptoms & inheritance patterns | Symptoms: -inability to see variants of colors Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive | 25 | |
| 6895186755 | Cystic fibrosis Symptoms & inheritance patterns | Symptoms: -pulmonary hypertension -nasal polyps -chronic cough Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive | 26 | |
| 6895186756 | Albinism Symptoms & inheritance patterns | Symptoms: -Extreme sensitivity to light -loss of freckles -astigmatism Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive | 27 | |
| 6895186757 | Tay-Sachs: Symptoms & inheritance patterns **Just for future nurses/doctors: Tay-Sachs has an identical inheritance pattern to Canavan's Disease, but Canavan's is deadlier, and babies usually show symptoms at 6 months and die shortly after. Both Tay-Sachs and Canavan's are diagnosed using amniocentesis and you can find out if you're a carrier by doing a simple blood test.** | Symptoms: -muscle weakness, problems with coordination, rhythmic muscle contractions, or stiff muscles -Seizures Inheritance pattern: Autosomal Recessive | 28 | |
| 6895186758 | Deletion as a chromosomal mutation | Deletions involve the loss of DNA sequences. The larger the deletion, the more severe phenotypic effect. |  | 29 |
| 6895186759 | Inversion as a chromosomal mutation | It is the rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion occurs when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself. Inversions are of two types: paracentric and pericentric. | | 30 |
| 6895186760 | Translocation as a chromosomal mutation | It is the rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. A gene fusion may be created when the translocation joins two otherwise separated genes. | | 31 |
| 6895186761 | Duplication as a chromosomal mutation | A chromosomal duplication is when a fragment of the deleted chromosome is attached to another chromosome. | | 32 |
| 6895186762 | Trisomy 21 Karyotype | See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome 21. |  | 33 |
| 6895186763 | XXY Karyotype | See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome X. |  | 34 |
| 6895186764 | XYY Karyotype | See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome Y. |  | 35 |
| 6895186765 | Trisomy 18 Karyotype | See picture attached Characterized by: Third copy of chromosome 18 (aka duplication of chromosome 18). |  | 36 |
| 6895186766 | cri du chat karyotype | See picture attached Characterized by: A piece of chromosome 5 is missing |  | 37 |
| 6895186767 | CML (philadelphia chromosome) karyotype | See picture attached Characterized by: Translocation is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 |  | 38 |
