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| 6254172885 | First atmosphere on earth | very hot with water vapor, volcanic eruptions, inorganic molecules such as methane, ammonia, CO2. not beneficial to humans | 0 | |
| 6254189670 | what happened when the earth cooled | water vapor turned into oceans | 1 | |
| 6254197182 | what processes first formed cells | chemical and physical processes and natural selection. 4 main stages | 2 | |
| 6254201744 | 4 stages of cell synthesis | 1. simple organic compounds 2. abiotic synthesis of macromolecules 3. Protocells 4. Self-replicating dna | 3 | |
| 6254224053 | Oparin and Haldane | proposed the early oceans were a primordial soup from which life arose | 4 | |
| 6254228107 | miller and urey | experiment stimulated early atmospheric conditions and showed the abiotic synthesis of small organic compounds such as amino acids |  | 5 |
| 6254238391 | meteorites | may be 2nd source of organic compounds. carbonaceous chondrites are 1-2% carbon compounds. meteor may contain aa, lipids, simple sugars, uracil | 6 | |
| 6254261401 | simple organic compounds | step 1. oparin and Haldane, miller and urey, meteorites | 7 | |
| 6254267918 | abiotic (physical) synthesis of macromolecules | step 2. abiotic synthesis of RNA can occur spontaneously from simple precursors. | 8 | |
| 6254277447 | how are polymers made in abiotic synthesis | by dripping amino acids or RNA nucleotides onto hot sand/clay/rock. these polymers led to enzymes and nucleic acids needed for life | 9 | |
| 6254307014 | protocells | step 3. abiotically produced vesicles (membrane pouches) can exhibit some properties of life: Simple reproduction, simple metabolism, maintenance of an internal chemical environment diff from surroundings. | 10 | |
| 6254325654 | self- replicating RNA | step 4. rna probably came before dna, and rna can make proteins. Protocell vesicles containing RNA which were able to grow and reproduce to pass on the RNA would have been precursors to modern cells | 11 | |
| 6254332619 | ribozymes | RNA segments that carry our some enzyme-like catalytic functions. some can even make complementary copies of RNA. | 12 | |
| 6254343893 | natural selection on molecular level | rna sequences best suited to env and able to replicate will leave the most descendant molecules. | 13 | |
| 6254366228 | Fossil record documents history of life | shows changes in organisms including extinct. shows hot groups arose from sedimentary strata which reveal the RELATIVE ages of fossils. absolute ages are estimated with radiometric dating. | 14 | |
| 6254379997 | mass extinctions | 5 major events over past 500 million years. 50% of marine species became extinct due to habitat destruction, env change, and origin of new species. | 15 | |
| 6254392694 | taxonomy hierarchy | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species | 16 | |
| 6254397579 | 6 kingdoms | archea bacteria, eubacteria, Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia. | 17 | |
| 6265588121 | phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species | 18 | |
| 6265589737 | systematics | classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships | 19 | |
| 6265597218 | phylogenetic tree | organisms are placed in evolutionary order based on data such as fossils, molecules, and genes. the evolutionary history can be represented in a branching diagram called a phylogenetic tree or cladogram |  | 20 |
| 6265617488 | primary criterion for classification in cladistics | common ancestry | 21 | |
| 6265620851 | derived character | evolutionary novelty unique to a clade. can be used to develop a cladogram |  | 22 |
| 6265630678 | Precambrian time | Oldest ERA! 4600-542 mya. oldest fossils, origin of life in seas, origin of planet | 23 | |
| 6265644071 | Cambrian period | Paleozoic era Cambrian explosion, sudden increase in diversity of animal phyla. mainly invertebrates | 24 | |
| 6265650121 | ordovician period | Paleozoic era abundant marine algae, colonization of land by fungi plants and animals | 25 | |
| 6265657428 | Silurian | Paleozoic era early vascular plants diversify | 26 | |
| 6265660577 | devonian | paleozoic era first tetrapods and insects, bony fish diversify | 27 | |
| 6265667408 | carboniferous | Paleozoic era first reptiles, amphibians, first seed plants | 28 | |
| 6265673272 | permian | Paleozoic era mass extinction of many plants and animals, reptile radiation | 29 | |
| 6265678688 | triassic | Mesozoic era. aka era of reptiles first dinos, first mammals | 30 | |
| 6265690738 | Jurassic | mosozoic era. dinos are dom land animals. gymnosperm dominance continues | 31 | |
| 6265705119 | cretaceous | Mesozoic era. first flowering plants, ends w mass extiction | 32 | |
| 6265709736 | paleogene | Cenozoic era. origin of many primates. angiosperm dominance. | 33 | |
| 6265716492 | neogene | Cenozoic era. continues mammal radiation, earliest direct human ancestors | 34 | |
| 6265723163 | quartenrary | Cenozoic era. in the present. ice ages, first homo genus | 35 | |
| 6265729936 | what are plants? | multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic autotrophs. evolved from green algae | 36 | |
| 6265737835 | new modes of reproduction | protection of gemetes and developing embryo | 37 | |
| 6265741061 | cuticle | waxy coating | 38 | |
| 6265743060 | stomata | openings of underside of leaf for gas exchange | 39 | |
| 6265750908 | chloroplasts | containing chlorophyll a and b and other pigments | 40 | |
| 6265752958 | cell walls | made of cellulose | 41 | |
| 6265755341 | carbohydrates | stored mainly as starch in amyloplasts | 42 | |
| 6265758122 | reproduction | sexual and asexual methods exists in most species. leads to true alteration of generations | 43 | |
| 6265773067 | 1st major period of plant evolution | origin of plants from green algae in Silurian period. cuticle and vascular tissue evolved. | 44 | |
| 6265782523 | 2nd major period of plant evolution | diversification of seedless vascular plants in early Devonian. like modern ferns. | 45 | |
| 6265789252 | 3rd major period of plant evolution | origin of seed plants near end of Devonian. protected by embryo, ferns and conifers dominate | 46 | |
| 6265797417 | 4th major period of plant evolutions | emergence of flowering plants in early cretaceous. seeds are protected in flowers ovary. | 47 | |
| 6265803943 | monophyletic | used to classify plants as every plant in the plant kingdom derived from a common ancestor. | 48 | |
| 6265814888 | non vascular | aka bryophytes little/no conductive tissue. 3 divisions: include mosses, liverwarts, and hornworts. need water to fertilize. flagellated sperm swim to egg. haploid gametophyte is dominant in life cycle | 49 | |
| 6265829076 | vascular seedless plants | lymphocytes and ferns. regional specialization of the plant body: roots and shoots. true vascular system: xylem for water and minerals. phloem for food. Lignin supports cell walls. water needed to fertilize. increased dominance of diploid sporophyte in life cycle. | 50 | |
| 6275921553 | vascular seed plants | 4 divisions of gymnosperms (naked seed) and one division of angiosperms (flowering). gametophytes become reduced, microscopic, retained within sporophyte. water is not included in fertilization bc pollen is involved. seed protects embryo. it replaces spores | 51 | |
| 6275941543 | gymnosperm | type of seed vascular plant with 4 divisions: ginko, cycads, gnetae, confiners. no fruit bc seeds are exposed. needles: adapted to dry conditions. heterosporous: separate male and female cones. gametophytes: female= multicellular, nutritive tissue, archegonium within ovule. male= pollen grain. | 52 | |
| 6275964056 | angiosperms | FLOWERING plants, produce enclosed seeds. most advanced plants today. division name: anthophyta, 2 main types= monocotyledons and dicotyledones. heterosporous: separate male and female structures within each flower. pollination: most use insects/animals. | 53 | |
| 6275987406 | angiosperms; monocots | embryo: one cotyledon/seed leaf leaf venation; parallel stems; vascular bundles throughout roots; fibrous floral plants; in multiple of 3 examples; bamboo, lilies, corn | 54 | |
| 6275999272 | angiosperms; eudicots | embryos: two cotyledons Leaf venation: netlike stems; vascular bundles in a ring roots; usually taproot floral parts; in multiple of 4 or 5 examples; roses, beans, oaks | 55 | |
| 6276014658 | asymmetry | sponges | 56 | |
| 6276018823 | radial symmetry | symmetry around certain axis hydras, jellyfish | 57 | |
| 6276024355 | bilateral symmetry | animals, humans. have dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior positions. | 58 | |
| 6276030806 | cephalization | concentration of sensory organs toward anterior end. ex; brain in human | 59 | |
| 6276038185 | characteristics of animals | multicellular, euks, heterotrophic via ingestion, no cell walls, have intracellular junctions: tight gap and desmoses (hold cells together). have nerve/muscle cells. reproduce sexually, diploid stage is dominant. usually small flagellated sperm fertilize larger non motile egg. | 60 | |
| 6276062380 | choanoflagellates | what common ancestor could have redembled. is heterotrophic, colonial, and flagellated. | 61 | |
| 6276066652 | `parazoans | sponges. basal animals, evolved alongside other animals. some phylogenetic trees divide sponges into 2 phyla. | 62 | |
| 6276072833 | eumetazoans | ALL other animals. unlike sponges, they contain true tissues | 63 |
