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| 5500040205 | Innate Immunity | A form of defense common to all animals that is active immediately upon exposure to pathogens and that is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously. | 0 | |
| 5500040206 | Specific (adapted) Immunity | A vertebrate-specific defense that is mediated by B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). It exhibits specificity, memory, and self-nonself recognition. | 1 | |
| 5500040207 | Lysozyme | An enzyme that destroys bacterial cells walls; in mammals, found in sweat, tears, and saliva. | 2 | |
| 5500040208 | Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells). | 3 | |
| 5500040209 | Pathogens | An organism or virus that causes disease. | 4 | |
| 5500040210 | Toll-like receptor | A membrane receptor on a phagocytic white blood cell that recognizes fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens, but uncommon in animals.(part of the innate response) | 5 | |
| 5500040212 | Macrophages | A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell. | 6 | |
| 5500040217 | Inflammation Response | An innate immune defense triggered by physical injury or infection of tissue involving the release of substances that promote swelling, enhance the infiltration of white blood cells, and aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens. | 7 | |
| 5500040218 | Histamine | A substance released by mast cells that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable to inflammatory and allergic responses. | 8 | |
| 5500040219 | Mast Cells | A vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger inflammation in response to infection and in allergic reactions. | 9 | |
| 5500040220 | Natural Killer (NK) Cells AND cytotoxic T cells | A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of innate or specific immunity. | 10 | |
| 5500040221 | Lymphocyte | A type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity. The two main classes are B cells and T cells. | 11 | |
| 5500040222 | Thymus | A small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed. | 12 | |
| 5500040223 | T Cells | The class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and that includes both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity. | 13 | |
| 5500040224 | B Cells | The lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response. | 14 | |
| 5500040225 | Antigen | A macromolecule on surface of a pathogen that elicits and immune response by binding to receptors of B cells or T cells. | 15 | |
| 5500040226 | Antigen Receptors | The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating acquired immune responses. Those on B cells are called B cell receptors, and those on T cells are called T cell receptors. | 16 | |
| 5500040229 | Heavy Chain | (long) One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region. | 17 | |
| 5500040230 | Light Chain | (short) One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding cite, and a constant region. | 18 | |
| 5500040232 | Antibody | A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B Cells) that binds to a particular antigen; also called immunoglobulin (Ig). All of these molecules have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. | 19 | |
| 5500040235 | Antigen Presentation | The process by which an intracellular protein antigen is carried to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T Cell. | 20 | |
| 5500040236 | Helper T Cell | A type of T cell that, when activated, secreted cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens. | 21 | |
| 5500040238 | Cytotoxic T Cells | A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells. | 22 | |
| 5500040240 | Memory Cell | One of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen. These activate the secondary immune response. | 23 | |
| 5500040241 | Clonal Selection | The process by which an antigen activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes divide and differentiate into a clone of "effector cells" and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen. | 24 | |
| 5500040242 | Primary Immune Response | The initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days. | 25 | |
| 5500040243 | Plasma Cells | The antibody-secreting cell of humoral immunity; arises from antigen-stimulated B cells. | 26 | |
| 5500040244 | Secondary Immune Response | The acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. The secondary immune response is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration that the primary immune response. | 27 | |
| 5500040245 | Humoral Immune Response | The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids. | 28 | |
| 5500040246 | Cell-Mediated Immune Response | The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells. | 29 | |
| 5500040251 | Vaccination | When an inactive or weakened form of a pathogen is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory. | 30 | |
| 5500040252 | Active Immunity | Long lasting immunity conferred by the action of B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen. Active immunity can develop as a result of natural infection or immunization. | 31 | |
| 5500040253 | Passive Immunity | Short-term immunity conferred by the transfer of antibodies, as occurs in the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetus or nursing infant. | 32 | |
| 5500040254 | Allergens | A nonparasitic antigen capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals. | 33 | |
| 5500040255 | Immunodeficiency | A disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defective or absent. | 34 | |
| 5500040256 | Autoimmune Disease | An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself. | 35 | |
| 5500040257 | AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) | The symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections. | 36 | |
| 5500040258 | Cytokine | Any of a group of substances secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. | 37 |
