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| 6439896934 | First Line of Defense | Nonspecific barriers: -Skin -Stomach acid -Mucous membranes producing lysozyme -Cilia in respiratory system | 0 | |
| 6439896935 | Second Line of Defense | *Nonspecific defense* *Inflammatory response*- indicated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading microbes (redness, swelling, and warmth) | 1 | |
| 6439896936 | Inflammatory response | *Histamine* triggers vasodilation, increasing blood supply (more white blood cells to area) *Phagocytes* ingest invading microbes | 2 | |
| 6439896938 | Complement | Group of proteins that helps to destroy microbes by rupturing their membranes | 3 | |
| 6439896939 | Interferons | Chemicals that block viral infections | 4 | |
| 6439896940 | Natural killer (NK) cells | Destroy virus-infected body cells | 5 | |
| 6439896941 | Third Line of Defense | Specific and maintained by lymphocytes B and T lymphocytes- originate in bone marrow | 6 | |
| 6439896942 | Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes | Kill body cells infected with pathogens by releasing perforin Stimulated by antigens and helper T cells Proliferate into plasma cells and memory cells CD8 cells | 7 | |
| 6439896943 | Helper T Lymphocytes | Set off an alarm to immune system that microbes have been broken through line of defense Bind to *class II MHC* molecules Release *interleukin-2* stimulating T cells and B cells CD4 cells | 8 | |
| 6439896944 | B Lymphocytes | Humoral response by producing antibodies Proliferate into plasma and memory cells | 9 | |
| 6439896945 | Macrophages | Kill and digest large numbers of germs using their pseudopods and lysosomes Antigen- presenting cells (APCs) Release *interleukin-1* to stimulate helper T cells | 10 | |
| 6439896948 | MHC 1 | Found on almost every body cell Bind to cytotoxic T cells | 11 | |
| 6439896949 | MHC 2 | Found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells Bind to helper T cells | 12 | |
| 6439896950 | Plasma Cells | Fight current infection | 13 | |
| 6439896951 | Memory Cells | Circulate in body permanently, imparting specific lifelong immunity against a particular virus (ex: polio or measles) Responsible for lifelong immunity | 14 | |
| 6439896952 | Clonal Selection | Fundamental mechanism in development of immunity Special B and T lymphocytes (selected by binding to specific pathogenic molecules) become metabolically active and make millions of copies of themselves | 15 | |
| 6439896953 | Antibodies | Y-shaped globular molecule consists of 4 chains 2 heavy and 2 light with constant and variable regions Immunoglobins |  | 16 |
| 6439896954 | Immunoglobins | (Ig) -IgG- most abundant -IgA- abundant in mucous membranes, tears, saliva, colostrum (mother's first milk) -IgE- facilitates release of histamine in allergic responses | 17 | |
| 6439896955 | Passive Immunity | Temporary Antibodies transferred from another animal | 18 | |
| 6439896956 | Active Immunity | Permanent Individual makes own antibodies | 19 | |
| 6439896957 | AIDS | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Caused by HIV (retrovirus) Attacks cells that have CD4 molecules on their surface | 20 | |
| 6439896958 | Autoimmune Disease | Mistake in immune system where body does not properly distinguish self from nonself | 21 | |
| 6439896959 | Monoclonal Antibodies | Antibodies produced by a single B lymphocyte that has been selected and produces a single type of antigen Important as research tool in diagnosing and treating | 22 | |
| 6439896960 | Allergies | Hypersensitive immune responses to certain substances called allergies cause release of histamine | 23 | |
| 6439896961 | Anaphylactic Shock | Acute, extreme allergic reaction Life threatening Results from sudden dilation of blood vessels, which results in precipitous drop in blood pressure | 24 | |
| 6439896962 | Specificity | Specialized cells have different jobs and respond only to certain cues | 25 | |
| 6439896963 | Diversity | Wide variety of different cell types that operate in our defense | 26 | |
| 6439896964 | Memory | B and T memory cells that circulate for a lifetime | 27 | |
| 6439896965 | Capacity to distinguish self from nonself | We only become aware of this protection when the system doesn't work as well (autoimmune diseases) | 28 |
