AP biology terms from the glossary in the kaplan book
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| 931055647 | abiotic | nonliving, as in the physical environment | 0 | |
| 931055648 | absorption | the process by witch water and dissolved substances pass through a membrane | 1 | |
| 931055649 | acoelomates | an animal that lacks a coelom, exhibits bilateral symmetry, and has one internal space, the digestive cavity | 2 | |
| 931055650 | action potential | the change in electrical across a nerve or muscle cell when stimulated, as in a nerve impulse | 3 | |
| 931055651 | active immunity | protective immunity to a disease in which the individual products antibodies as a result of previous exposure to the antigen | 4 | |
| 931055652 | adaptation | A behavioral or biological change that enables an organism to adjust to its environment | 5 | |
| 931055653 | adaptive radiation | the production of a number of different species from a single ancestral species | 6 | |
| 931055654 | adenine | a purine based that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA | 7 | |
| 931055655 | adenosine phosphate | adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which are energy-storage molecules | 8 | |
| 931055656 | adipose | fatty tissue, fat-storing tissue, or fat within cells | 9 | |
| 931055657 | adrenaline (epinephrine) | an "emergency" hormone stimulated by anger or fear; increases blood pressure and heart rate in order to supply the emergency needs of the muscles | 10 | |
| 931055658 | adventitious roots | roots that develop in an unusual place | 11 | |
| 931055659 | aerobe | an organism that requires oxygen for respiration and can only live in the presence of oxygen | 12 | |
| 931055660 | aerobic | requiring free oxygen from the atmosphere fro normal activity and respiration | 13 | |
| 931055661 | aerobic catabolism | metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones through the use of oxygen; results in the release of energy | 14 | |
| 931055662 | agonistic response | response of aggression or submission between two organisms | 15 | |
| 932759003 | catabolism | metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones, releasing energy | 16 | |
| 932759004 | genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism without regard to its physical appearance; a homozygous dominant and a heterozygous organism may have the same appearance but different genotypes | 17 | |
| 932759005 | genus | In taxonomy, a classification between species and family; a group of very closely related species, e.g., Homo, Felis | 18 | |
| 932759006 | geographic barrier | Any physical feature that prevents the ecological niches of different organisms (not necessarily different species) from overlapping | 19 | |
| 932759007 | geographic isolation | Isolation due to geographic factors. Islands are geographically isolated. | 20 | |
| 932759008 | geotropism | Any movement or growth of a living organism in response to the force of gravity. | 21 | |
| 932759009 | gills | Respiratory organ of aquatic animals | 22 | |
| 932759010 | glycolysis | The anaerobic respiration of carbohydrates | 23 | |
| 932759011 | Golgi apparatus | Membranous organelles involved in the storage and modification of secretory products | 24 | |
| 932759012 | gravitropism | Directional growth according to the gravitational field. Roots grow downward with gravity, while the shoots of plants grow up toward the sunlight. | 25 | |
| 932759013 | growth curve | Growth of an organism or population plotted over time. | 26 | |
| 932759014 | guanine | a purine (nitrogenous base) component of nucleotides and nucleic acids; it links up with cytosine in DNA | 27 | |
| 932759015 | gymnosperm | a plant that belongs to the class of seed plants in which the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary; includes the conifers | 28 | |
| 932759016 | habitat | the environment a community or organism lives in | 29 | |
| 932759017 | haploid | describes cells (gametes) that have half the chromosome number typical of the species (n chromosome number) | 30 | |
| 932759018 | Angiosperm | a flowering plant; a plant of the class Angiospermae that produces seeds enclosed in an ovary and is characterized by the possession of fruit and flowers | 31 | |
| 932759019 | Animalia | Kingdom that includes all extinct and living animals | 32 | |
| 932759020 | Antibiotic | an antipathogenic substance (e.g., penicillin) | 33 | |
| 932759021 | Antibody | Globular proteins produced by tissues that destroy or inactive antigens | 34 | |
| 932759022 | Antigen | a foreign protein that stimulates the production of antibodies when introduced into the body of an organism. | 35 | |
| 932759023 | Appendage | A structure that extends from the trunk of an organism and is capable of active movements | 36 | |
| 932759024 | Archaea | Kingdom comprised of an ancient group of microorganisms (bacteria) that are metabolically and genetically different from other bacteria; they came before the eukaryotes. | 37 | |
| 932759025 | Artery | a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart | 38 | |
| 932759026 | Asexual reproduction | the production of daughter cells by means other than the sexual union of gametes (as in budding and binary fission) | 39 | |
| 932759027 | ATPase | Adenosine triphosphatase; enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, thereby releasing energy | 40 | |
| 932772433 | binomial nomenclature | the system of naming an organism by its genus and species name | 41 | |
| 932772434 | biological species concept (BSC) | definition of a species as a naturally interbreeding population of organisms that produces viable, fertile offspring | 42 | |
| 932772435 | biome | a habitat, such as desert, grassland, or tundra | 43 | |
| 932772436 | biotic | living, as in living organisms in the environment | 44 | |
| 932772437 | Calvin Cycle | cycle in photosynthesis that reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrates through the addition of electrons (also known as the "dark cycle") | 45 | |
| 932772438 | CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) | storage of carbon dioxide at night in the form of organic acids | 46 | |
| 932772439 | carbohydrate | an organic compound to which hydrogen and oxygen are attached; the hydrogen and oxygen are in a 2:1 ratio; examples include sugars, starches, and cellulose | 47 | |
| 932772440 | carbon cycle | the recycling of carbon from decaying organisms for use in future generations | 48 | |
| 932772441 | carbon fixation | conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds during the Calvin cycle, the second stage of photosynthesis. Known as "dark reaction" | 49 | |
| 932772442 | carnivore | a flesh-eating animal; an animal that subsists on other animals or parts of animals | 50 | |
| 932772443 | carrying capacity | the number of organisms an environment can support | 51 | |
| 935245510 | egg (ovum) | the female gamete; it is nonmotile, large in comparison to male gametes, and stores nutrients | 52 | |
| 935245511 | electrochemical gradient | diffusion gradient of an ion including potential and kinetic energy of the ion | 53 | |
| 935245512 | electron transport chain | a complex carrier mechanism located on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane of the cell; releases energy, and is used to form ATP | 54 | |
| 935245513 | endemic | pertaining to a restricted locality; ecologically, occurring only in one particular region | 55 | |
| 935245514 | endocrine gland | a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream | 56 | |
| 935245515 | endocrine (hormone) system | collection of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream with various effects in the body (includes thyroid gland, pituitary gland, etc.) | 57 | |
| 935245516 | endocytosis | a process by which the cell membrane is invaginated to form a vesicle which contains extracellular medium | 58 | |
| 935245517 | endoderm | he innermost embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the lining of the alimentary canal and to the digestive and respiratory organs | 59 | |
| 935245518 | endoplasm | the innermost portion of the cytoplasm of a cell or the portion that surrounds the nucleus | 60 | |
| 935245519 | endoplasmic reticulum | a network of membrane-enclosed spaces connected with the nuclear membrane; transports materials through the cell; can be soft or rough | 61 | |
| 935245520 | exoskeleton | describes arthropods and other animals whose skeletal or supporting structures are outside the skin | 62 | |
| 935245521 | extracellular matrix | material occurring outside the cell | 63 | |
| 935245522 | F1 | the first filial generation (first offspring) | 64 | |
| 935245523 | F2 | the second filial generation; offspring resulting from the crossing of individuals of the F1 generation | 65 | |
| 935245524 | fats | solid, semi-solid, or liquid organic compounds composed of glycerol, fatty acids, and organic groups | 66 | |
| 935344997 | feedback mechanism | the process by which a certain function is regulated by the amount of the substance it produces | 67 | |
| 935344998 | ferns | seedless, flowerless vascular plants that reproduce by spores | 68 | |
| 935344999 | fertilization | the fusion of the sperm and egg to produce a zygote | 69 | |
| 935345000 | fitness | the ability of an organism to contribute its alleles and therefore it's phenotypic traits to future generations | 70 | |
| 935345001 | food web | the interaction of feeding levels in a community, including energy flow throughout the community | 71 | |
| 935345002 | functional groups | chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality | 72 | |
| 935345003 | Fungi | kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that lack vascular tissues and chlorophyll, possessing chitinous cell walls; reproduction occurs through spores | 73 | |
| 935345004 | Gamete | a sex or reproductive cell that must fuse with another of the opposite type to form a zygote, which subsequently develops into a new organism | 74 | |
| 935345005 | Gametogenesis | the formation of gametes | 75 | |
| 935345006 | Gametophyte | the haploid, sexual stage in the life cycle plants (alteration of genesis) | 76 | |
| 935345007 | Gas exchange | the exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide through respiratory surfaces, gills, lungs, or tracheae | 77 | |
| 935345008 | Gastrula | a stage of embryonic development characterized by the differentiation of the cells into the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers and by the formation of the archenteron; can be two-layer or three-layer | 78 | |
| 935345009 | Gastrulation | formation of a gastrula | 79 | |
| 935345010 | Gene | the portion of a DNA molecule that serves as a unit of heredity; found on the chromosome | 80 | |
| 935345011 | Gene expression | conversion of information from a gene to mRNA to a protein | 81 | |
| 935345012 | Gene frequency | a decimal fraction that represents the presence of an allele for all members of a population that have a particular gene locus | 82 | |
| 935345013 | Genetic code | a four-letter code made up of the DNA nitrogen bases A,T,G, and C; each chromosome is made up of thousands of these bases | 83 | |
| 935345014 | genetic drift | Random evolutionary changes in the genetic makeup of a (usually small) population | 84 | |
| 935345015 | Dihybrid cross | A hybridization between two traits, each with two alleles | 85 | |
| 935345016 | Diploid | Describes cells that have a double set of chromosomes in homologous pairs (2n) | 86 | |
| 935345017 | Directional selection | Favors organisms that have extreme variation of traits within a population | 87 | |
| 935345018 | Disruptive (diversifying) selection | Sudden changes in the environment cause organisms with extreme variation of traits in a population to be favored | 88 | |
| 935345019 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; found in the cell nucleus, it's basic unit is the nucleotide; contains coded genetic information; can replicate on the basis of heredity | 89 | |
| 935345020 | Domains | Biological classification of prokaryotes and eukaryotes into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya | 90 | |
| 935345021 | Dominance | A dominant allele suppresses the expression of the other member of an allele pair when both members are present; a dominant gene exerts its full effect regardless of the effect of its allele partner | 91 | |
| 935345022 | Ecological succession | The orderly process by which one biotic community replaces another until a climax community is established | 92 | |
| 935345023 | Ecology | The study of organisms in relation to their environment | 93 | |
| 935345024 | Ecosystem | Ecological community and its environment | 94 | |
| 935345025 | Ectoderm | The outermost embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the epidermis and the nervous system | 95 | |
| 935345026 | Heterotroph | An organism that must get its inorganic and organic raw materials from the environment; a consumer | 96 | |
| 935345027 | Heterozygous | Describes an individual that possesses two contrasting alleles for a given trait (Tt) | 97 | |
| 935345028 | Catabolism | metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones | 98 | |
| 935345029 | Cell | smallest structural unit of an organism | 99 | |
| 935345030 | Cell wall | a wall composed of cellulose that is external to the cell membrane in plants; it is primarily involved in support and pressure. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Some protists also have cell walls | 100 | |
| 935345031 | Central nervous system (CNS) | encompasses the brain and the spinal cord | 101 | |
| 935345032 | Chemiosmosis | the coupling of enzyme-catalyzed reactions | 102 | |
| 935345033 | Chi-squared analysis | test to see if a theory is backed up by experimental results | 103 | |
| 935345034 | Chlorophyll | a green pigment that performs essential functions as an electron donor and light "entrapper" in photosynthesis | 104 | |
| 935345035 | Chloroplasts | a plastid containing chlorophyll | 105 | |
| 935345036 | Chromatid | one of the two strands that constitute a chromosome; chromatids are held together by the centromere | 106 | |
| 935345037 | Chromatin | a nuclear protein of chromosomes that stains readily | 107 | |
| 935345038 | Chromosome | a short, stubby rod consisting of chromatin that is found in the nucleus of cells; contains the genetic or hereditary component of cells (in the form of genes) | 108 | |
| 935345039 | Energy flow | The movement of energy throughout the tropic levels of an ecosystem | 109 | |
| 935345040 | Enzyme | An organic catalyst and protein | 110 | |
| 935345041 | Epidermal tissue | The outer or integumentary layer of the body, including sebum, adipose, and skin cells | 111 | |
| 935345042 | Epidermis | The outermost surface of an organism | 112 | |
| 935345043 | Epithelium | The cellular layer that covers external and internal surfaces | 113 | |
| 935345044 | Eukarya | Domain containing all eukaryotic organism | 114 | |
| 935345045 | Eukaryote | Organism consisting of one or more cells with genetic material in membrane bound nuclei | 115 | |
| 935345046 | Theory of Evolution | Theory that organisms have developed over time to produce current biomes | 116 | |
| 935345047 | Excretion | The elimination of metabolic waste matter | 117 | |
| 935345048 | Exocrine | Pertaining to a type of gland that releases its secretion through a duct | 118 | |
| 935345049 | Exocytosis | A process by which the vesicle in the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases it's contents to the outside | 119 | |
| 935345050 | Exons | DNA that is transcribed to RNA and codes for protein synthesis | 120 | |
| 935345051 | Chromosome map | The distribution of genes on a chromosome, derived from crossover frequency experiments | 121 | |
| 935345052 | Circadian rhythms | Daily cycles of behavior | 122 | |
| 935345053 | Circulatory system | System that circulates blood throughout the body. Includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels | 123 | |
| 935345054 | Cleavage | The division in an animal cell cytoplasm caused by the pinching in of the cell membrane | 124 | |
| 935345055 | Clotting | The coagulation of blood caused by the rupture of platelets and the interaction of fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombin, prothrombin,and calcium ions | 125 | |
| 935345056 | Codominant | The state in which two genetic traits are fully expressed and neither dominates | 126 | |
| 935345057 | Codon | Three adjacent nucleotides that signal to insert an amino acid into the genetic code or end protein synthesis | 127 | |
| 935345058 | Coelom | The space between the mesodermal layers that forms the body cavity of some animal phyla | 128 | |
| 935345059 | Coelomates | Organisms that contain a coelom | 129 | |
| 935345060 | Coenzyme | An organic cofactor required for enzyme activity | 130 | |
| 935345061 | Commensal | Describes an organism that lives symbiotically with a host; this host neither benefits nor suffers from the association | 131 | |
| 935345062 | density-dependent factors | effects that increase with population density and smaller population size | 132 | |
| 935345063 | density-independent factors | effects that are independent of population size | 133 | |
| 935345064 | deoxyribose | a five-carbon sugar that has one oxygen atom less than ribose; a component of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | 134 | |
| 935345065 | determinate cleavage | irreversible division of an egg into specific area for further development | 135 | |
| 935345066 | deuterostomes | means "second mouth." The mouth forms from the second opening of the digestive tract in embryos. These organisms have a mouth, radial cleavage, anus, coelom, and indeterminate cleavage in common. | 136 | |
| 935345067 | differentiation | a progressive change from which a permanently more mature or advanced state results; for example, a relatively unspecialized cell's development into a more specialized one | 137 | |
| 935345068 | diffusion | the movement of particles from one place to another as a result of their random motion | 138 | |
| 935345069 | digestion | the process of breaking down large organic molecules into smaller ones | 139 | |
| 935345070 | digestive system | the alimentary canal and glands which ingest, digest, and absorb food | 140 | |
| 935345071 | digestive tract | the alimentary canal | 141 | |
| 935345072 | dihybrid | an organism that is heterozygous for two different traits | 142 | |
| 935345073 | Communities | Groups of interacting organisms that live in the same geographic area under similar environmental conditions | 143 | |
| 935345074 | Complementary Base Pairs | Pairing of purines and pyrimidines in DNA and RNA | 144 | |
| 935345075 | Concentration Gradient | Difference in concentration of a solute between two areas of a solution | 145 | |
| 935345076 | Conditioning | The association of a physical, visceral response with an environmental stimulus with which it is not naturally associated; a learned response | 146 | |
| 935345077 | Cone | A cell in the retina that is sensitive to colors and is responsible for color vision | 147 | |
| 935345078 | Conifers | Phylum of cone-bearing gymnosperm trees and shrubs that are primarily needle- and scale-leaved | 148 | |
| 935345079 | Connective Tissue | Highly vascular matrix that forms the supporting and connecting structures of the body | 149 | |
| 935345080 | Consumer | Organism that consumes food from outside itself instead of producing it (primary, secondary, and tertiary) | 150 | |
| 935345081 | Convergent | Adaptive evolution of similar structures, such as wings | 151 | |
| 935345082 | Coupled Reaction | Chemical reaction in which energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other through a common intermediate | 152 | |
| 935345083 | Cristae | Inward folds of the mitochondrial membrane | 153 | |
| 935372679 | homologous | describes two or more structures that have similar forms, positions, and origins despite the differences between their current functions; examples are the arm of a human, the flipper of a dolphin and the foreleg of a horse | 154 | |
| 935372680 | homozygous | describes an individual that has the same gene for the same trait on each homologous chromosomes (TT or tt) | 155 | |
| 935372681 | homozygous dominant | having two dominant alleles of the same gene. Dominant alleles are expressed in a heterozygous as well as in a homozygous genotype | 156 | |
| 935372682 | homozygous recessive | having two recessive alleles of the same gene. Dominant alleles are only expressed in a homozygous recessive genotype | 157 | |
| 935372683 | hormone | a chemical messenger that is secreted by one part of the body and carried by the blood to another part of the body, usually a muscle or gland. | 158 | |
| 935372684 | hormone-receptor system | chemical messengers (hormones) travel throughout the body and are read by receptor proteins, which respond to the "message" each hormone codes for | 159 | |
| 935372685 | hybrid | an offspring that is heterozygous for one or more gene pairs | 160 | |
| 935372686 | hybridization | cross-breeding organisms to form two strands of DNA that weren't originally paired | 161 | |
| 935372687 | Hydrophilic | having an affinity for water | 162 | |
| 935372688 | hydrophobic | repelling water | 163 | |
| 935372689 | hypertonic | describes a fluid that has a higher osmotic pressure than another fluid it is compared to; it exerts greater osmotic pull than the the the fluid on the other side of a semipermeable membrane; hence, it possesses a greater concentration of particles, and acquires water during osmosis | 164 | |
| 935372690 | hypotonic | describes a fluid that has a lower osmotic pressure than another fluid it is compared to; it exerts lesser osmotic pull than the the the fluid on the other side of a semipermeable membrane; hence, it possesses a lesser concentration of particles, and loses water during osmosis | 165 | |
| 935393047 | Autonomic nervous systems | the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary muscles, such as the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems | 166 | |
| 935393048 | Autosomal genes | non-sex-linked genes | 167 | |
| 935393049 | Autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome | 168 | |
| 935393050 | Autotroph | an organism that utilizes the energy of inorganic materials such as water and carbon dioxide or the sun to manufacture organic materials; examples of autotrophs include plants | 169 | |
| 935393051 | Axon | a nerve fiber | 170 | |
| 935393052 | Bacteria | Kingdom of single-celled organism that reproduce by fission and can be spiral, rod, or spherical shaped; often pathogenic organisms that rapidly reproduce | 171 | |
| 935393053 | Haploid | describes cells (gametes) that have half the chromosome number typical of the species (n chromosome number) | 172 | |
| 935393054 | Haploid sporophytes | spore-producing phase of a plant that contains a single set of chromosomes, allows the plant to reproduce asexually | 173 | |
| 935393055 | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | in a randomly breeding population, gene frequency and genotype ratios remain constant over generations of organisms | 174 | |
| 935393056 | Herbivore | a plant-eating animal | 175 | |
| 935393057 | Base-pair substitution | when one base pair is incorrectly reproduced and substituted for another base pair | 176 | |
| 935393058 | Bilateral symmetry | the dual division of an organism into a left and right half | 177 | |
| 935393059 | Bile | an emulsifying agent secreted by the liver | 178 | |
| 935393060 | Bile salts | compounds in bile that aid emulsification | 179 | |
| 935393061 | Binary fission | asexual reproduction; in this process, the parent organism splits into two equal daughter cells | 180 | |
| 935398461 | Hermaphrodite | an organism that possesses both male and female reproductive organs | 181 | |
| 935411644 | Crossing Over | The exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes during meiosis | 182 | |
| 935411645 | Cytokinesis | A process by which the cytoplasm and the organelles of the cell divide; the final stage of mitosis | 183 | |
| 935411646 | Cytoplasm | The living matter of a cell, located between the cell membrane and the nucleus | 184 | |
| 935411647 | Cytosine | a nitrogen base that is present in nucleotides and nucleic acids; it is paired with guanine | 185 | |
| 935411648 | Cytoskeleton | The organelle that provides mechanical support and carries out motility functions for the cell | 186 | |
| 935411649 | Dark (Calvin) reactions | processes that occur after the light reactions of photosynthesis (during carbon fixation) without light | 187 | |
| 935411650 | Darwin | naturalist who came up with the theory of evolution | 188 | |
| 935411651 | Decomposers | organisms that feed on and break down dead animals or plants | 189 | |
| 935411652 | Degree of freedom | independent statistical category of observation minus 1 | 190 | |
| 935411653 | Deletion | the loss of all or part of a chromosome | 191 | |
| 935411654 | Dendrite | transmits impulses to the body | 192 |
