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AP Biology- Macromolecules Flashcards

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7848493536nonpolarelectrons shared equally0
7848493537polarelectrons shared unequally1
7848493538monosaccharideC6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose2
7848493539disaccharidetwo monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose3
7848493540dehydration synthesiscondensation; joining compounds together with water released4
7848493541hydrolysisbreakdown of a compound by adding water5
7848493542polysaccharidepolymers of carbohydrates6
7848493543cellulosestructural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls7
7848493544starchstorage polysaccharide found in plants8
7848493545fatty acidhydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids9
7848493546saturated fatfat without double bonds10
7848493547unsaturated fatfat with double bonds11
7848493548peptide bondbond creating amino acid chains or polymers12
7848493549primary structurelinear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds13
7848493550secondary structureprotein formed with hydrogen bonds14
7848493551tertiary structure3D conformation formed; determines specificity15
7848493552quaternary structureprotein with more than one polypeptide chain16
7848493553alpha helixsecondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)17
7848493554beta pleated sheetsecondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk18
7848493555functional groupcomponents of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions19
7848493556metabolismsum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell20
7848493557cohesioncapacity to resist tension to rupture21
7848493558polymerlong molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together22
7848493559monomerbuilding block for polymers; only made by producers23
7848493560adhesionattraction between different kinds of molecules24
7848493561surface tensionmeasure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid25
7848493562evaporative cooling / heat of vaporizationproperty of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules26
7848493563disulfide bridgetertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another27
7848493564hydrophobic interactiontertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water28
7848493565hydrocarbonorganic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon29
7848493566macromoleculegiant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules30
7848493567glycosodic linkagecovalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction31
7848493568nucleotidebuilding block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group32
7848493569pyramidinecytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring33
7848493570purineadenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring34
7848493571hydroxylhydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar35
7848493572carboxyloxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group36
7848493573aminenitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton37
7848493574sulfhydrylsulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine38
7848493575phosphatephosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid39
7848493576compartmentalizationmembrane enclosed regions that allow a eukaryotic cell to increase surface area and have specialized regions for chemical reactions.40
7848493577passive transportmovement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input41
7848493578active transportmovement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient42
7848493579endocytosisform of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.43
7848493580exocytosisa process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.44
7848493581surface areaThe measurement of the outer surface of an object.45
7848493582volumeAmount of space occupied by an object46
7848493583water potentialThe physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.47
7848493584osmosisDiffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane48

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