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AP Biology: Meiosis (Chapter 10) Flashcards

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8573002531OogenesisEggs in ovaries halted before anaphase I meiosis I completed during maturation meiosis 2 completed after fertilization0
8573002532Nondisjunctionproblems with meitotic spindle fibers cause Incorrect # of chromosomes because chromosomes don't separate properly1
8573002533Nondisjunction in meiosis IHomologous chromosomes do not separate properly (all cells abnormal)2
8573002534Nondisjunction in meiosis 2Half cells abnormal, sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis 23
8573002535Trisomy disorder2n+1, cells have 3 copies of one chromosome4
8573002536Monosomy disorderCells have only one copy of a chromosome5
8573002537SyndromeA survivable chromosomal mutation6
8573002538Down syndrome3 copies of chromosome 21, the smallest chromosome, not least amount of genes, frequency correlates with age of mother7
8573002539Prophase IISpindle apparatus forms, chromatids still held at centromere8
8573002540Telophase I and CytokinesisCell has haploid set of chromosomes, cytokinesis creates cleavage furrow creating 2 cells, no replication between m I and m II9
8573002541Metaphase IIChromosomes position on metaphase plate, chromatids not genetically identical cuz of m I crossing over, kinetochores attach to spindle fibers10
8573002542Anaphase IIBreakdown of proteins holding sister chromatids together, chromatids separate moving to opposite poles of cells,11
8573002543Telephase II and cytokinesisNuclei form with haploid number of chromosomes, each 4 new cells genetically distinct12
8573002544HeredityThe transmission of traits from one generation to the next13
8573002545VariationDifferences between members of the same species14
8573002546GeneticsThe scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation15
8573002547GametesA haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote16
8573002548Somatic CellAny cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg17
8573002549LocusA specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located18
8573002550Asexual ReproductionThe generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs w/o fusion of gametes. In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent19
8573002551CloneA lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells20
8573002552Sexual ReproductionA type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents21
8573002553Life CycleThe generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism22
8573002554KaryotypeA display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape23
8573002555Homologous ChromosomesA pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possesses genes for the same characters at corresponding loci24
8573002556Sex ChromosomesA chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual25
8573002557AutosomeA chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome26
8573002558Diploid CellA cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent27
8573002559Haploid CellA cell containing only one set of chromosomes28
8573002560FertilizationThe union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote29
8573002561ZygoteThe diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg30
8573002562MeiosisA modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication. It results in cells w/ half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell31
8573002563Meiosis IThe first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with 1/2 the number of chromosome sets as the original cell32
8573002564Meiosis IIThe second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells w/ half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell33
8573002565Prophase IChromosomes condense, crossing over, Synapsis, centrosome, movement, chiasmata, micro tubules attach to centromeres34
8573002566SynapsisThe pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis35
8573002567TetradA set of 4 chromatids36
8573002568Crossing OverThe reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis37
8573002569Metaphase IChromosomes line up on plate crossed over with independent assortment, chromosomes attached to micro tubule,38
8573002570Anaphase IProteins holding chromatids together break down, chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell,39
8573002571Recombinant ChromosomesA chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome40
8573002572Independent AssortmentThe process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes41
8573002573Random FertilizationAny possible egg can be fertilized by any possible sperm42
8573002574How are karyotypes prepared?By pairing up chromosomes based on size centromere location and staining patterns on a computer43
8573002575What are the 3 steps of crossing over?Breakage of DNA Crossing over Refusal of DNA44
8573002576What happens to to most chromosomal mutations?The baby will be aborted with high frequency, too disastrous, developmental problems result from biochemical imbalance, certain conditions tolerated45

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