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| 5673616409 | Metabolism | the totality of an organisms chemical reactions that result from interactions between molecules within the cell | 0 | |
| 5673616410 | metabolic pathway | a sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound in a living organism, start with substrate end with product |  | 1 |
| 5673616411 | catabolic pathway | breaking a complex molecule down into its simpler parts, releasing energy. ie. cellular respiration |  | 2 |
| 5673616412 | anabolic pathway | using energy to build complex molecules from simpler molecules. ie. protein synthesis |  | 3 |
| 5673616413 | Bioenergetics | the study of how organisms manage their energy resources | 4 | |
| 5673616414 | energy | capacity to cause change, do work | 5 | |
| 5673616415 | kinetic energy | energy of motion | 6 | |
| 5673616416 | heat(thermal energy) | kinetic energy associated with random movement of molecules | 7 | |
| 5673616417 | potential energy | energy of position | 8 | |
| 5673616418 | chemical energy | potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction, energy within bonds | 9 | |
| 5673616419 | thermodynamics | study of energy transformations | 10 | |
| 5673616420 | closed system | isolated from surroundings, no energy transfer, cant work at equilibrium bc its exhausted its ability to do work. free energy at a min | 11 | |
| 5673616421 | open system | not isolated, energy and matter can be transferred between system and surroundings, ie. cells | 12 | |
| 5673616422 | 1st law of thermodynamics | energy of the universe is constant, cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or transformed, conservation of energy | 13 | |
| 5673616423 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | during every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and often lost, every energy transfer or transformation increases the total entropy of the universe | 14 | |
| 5673616424 | entropy | disorder, randomness | 15 | |
| 5673616425 | free energy | delta G, energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are constant, related to change in enthalpy(delta H), change in entropy(delta S) and temperature in Kelvin(T). delta G = delta H - T delta S | 16 | |
| 5673616426 | exergonic reaction | a reaction with a net release of free energy, negative free energy, spontaneous |  | 17 |
| 5673616427 | endergonic reaction | a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non-spontaneous, positive free energy |  | 18 |
| 5673616428 | coupled reactions | the use of exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones, the energy given off from the exergonic is absorbed by the endergonic |  | 19 |
| 5673616429 | ATP | adenosine triphosphate, composed of ribose (5 carbon sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups. Phosphate tail can be broken through hydrolysis to produce energy, ADP, and an inorganic phosphate |  | 20 |
| 5673616430 | phosphorylation | how ATP drives endergonic reactions, covalently bonding a phosphate with another molecule, such as as reactant | 21 | |
| 5673616431 | catalyst | a chemical agent that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction | 22 | |
| 5673616432 | enzymes | a catalytic protein, speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy, very specific, reusable, unchanged by reaction | 23 | |
| 5673616433 | activation energy | initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction, free energy for activating reaction, given off by heat | 24 | |
| 5673616434 | induced fit | brings the chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction, makes the enzyme more effective | 25 | |
| 5673616435 | cooperativity | another type of allosteric activation, binds to one active site but locks ALL active sites open, allowing products to be constantly produced | 26 | |
| 5673616436 | Substrate | the REACTANT that an enzyme acts on | 27 | |
| 5673616437 | Enzyme-Substrate Complex | enzyme and substrate | 28 | |
| 5673616438 | Active Site | region on the enzyme where substrate binds | 29 | |
| 5673616439 | Hydrogen and Ionic Bonds | substrate held in active site by WEAK interactions | 30 | |
| 5673616440 | Lock and Key | active site on enzyme fits substrate exactly | 31 | |
| 5673616443 | Ways enzymes lower activation energy | can do this by having a favorable environment, straining substrate molecules, orienting substrates correctly | 32 | |
| 5673616444 | hydrolysis | happens when phosphate leaves ATP to give energy to something else. This causes ATP to become ADP, produces water | 33 | |
| 5673616445 | cofactors | non-protein enzyme helpers ex. zinc, iron, copper | 34 | |
| 5673616446 | coenzymes | organic enzyme helpers ex. vitamins | 35 | |
| 5673616447 | Denature | above a certain temperature, activity declines, protein changes shape | 36 | |
| 5673616449 | Gene Regulation | cell switches on or off the genes that code for specific enzymes | 37 | |
| 5673616451 | negative feedback inhibition | accumulation of end product slows the reaction to stop production | 38 | |
| 5673616452 | positive feedback | end product speeds up production (less common) | 39 | |
| 5673616453 | Allosteric Regulation | can accelerate or inhibit production and enzyme activity by attaching to another part of the protein. this changes the shape of the active site which inhibits substrates from bonding and producing more products | 40 | |
| 5673616454 | Activator | one of the allosteric regulators, stabilizes and keeps active site open for production | 41 | |
| 5673616455 | Inhiibitor | one of the allosteric regulators, changes shape of the active site so the substrate can't bind | 42 | |
| 5673616456 | Competitive Inhibitor | inhibitor that mimics original substrate and blocks the active site | 43 | |
| 5673616457 | Noncompetetitive Inhibitor | bind to another part of enzyme to change shape and block substrate from producing | 44 | |
| 5673616458 | ways enzymes are affected | pH, temperature, salinity, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration | 45 | |
| 5673616459 | exergonic | reaction is spontaneous (-G), releases energy | 46 | |
| 5673616460 | endergonic | reaction is not spontaneous (positive G), absorbs energy | 47 |
