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AP Biology Metabolism Flashcards

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9876646312Metabolismthe totality of an organisms chemical reactions that result from interactions between molecules within the cell0
9876646313metabolic pathwaya sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound in a living organism, start with substrate end with product1
9876646314catabolic pathwaybreaking a complex molecule down into its simpler parts, releasing energy. ie. cellular respiration2
9876646315anabolic pathwayusing energy to build complex molecules from simpler molecules. ie. protein synthesis3
9876646316Bioenergeticsthe study of how organisms manage their energy resources4
9876646317energycapacity to cause change, do work5
9876646318kinetic energyenergy of motion6
9876646319heat(thermal energy)kinetic energy associated with random movement of molecules7
9876646320potential energyenergy of position8
9876646321chemical energypotential energy available for release in a chemical reaction, energy within bonds9
9876646322thermodynamicsstudy of energy transformations10
9876646323closed systemisolated from surroundings, no energy transfer, cant work at equilibrium bc its exhausted its ability to do work. free energy at a min11
9876646324open systemnot isolated, energy and matter can be transferred between system and surroundings, ie. cells12
98766463251st law of thermodynamicsenergy of the universe is constant, cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or transformed, conservation of energy13
98766463262nd law of thermodynamicsduring every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and often lost, every energy transfer or transformation increases the total entropy of the universe14
9876646327entropydisorder, randomness15
9876646328free energydelta G, energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are constant, related to change in enthalpy(delta H), change in entropy(delta S) and temperature in Kelvin(T). delta G = delta H - T delta S16
9876646329exergonic reactiona reaction with a net release of free energy, negative free energy, spontaneous17
9876646330endergonic reactiona reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non-spontaneous, positive free energy18
9876646331coupled reactionsthe use of exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones, the energy given off from the exergonic is absorbed by the endergonic19
9876646332ATPadenosine triphosphate, composed of ribose (5 carbon sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups. Phosphate tail can be broken through hydrolysis to produce energy, ADP, and an inorganic phosphate20
9876646333phosphorylationhow ATP drives endergonic reactions, covalently bonding a phosphate with another molecule, such as as reactant21
9876646334catalysta chemical agent that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction22
9876646335enzymesa catalytic protein, speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy, very specific, reusable, unchanged by reaction23
9876646336activation energyinitial energy needed to start a chemical reaction, free energy for activating reaction, given off by heat24
9876646337induced fitbrings the chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction, makes the enzyme more effective25
9876646338cooperativityanother type of allosteric activation, binds to one active site but locks ALL active sites open, allowing products to be constantly produced26
9876646339Substratethe REACTANT that an enzyme acts on27
9876646340Enzyme-Substrate Complexenzyme and substrate28
9876646341Active Siteregion on the enzyme where substrate binds29
9876646342Hydrogen and Ionic Bondssubstrate held in active site by WEAK interactions30
9876646343Lock and Keyactive site on enzyme fits substrate exactly31
9876646344Ways enzymes lower activation energycan do this by having a favorable environment, straining substrate molecules, orienting substrates correctly32
9876646345hydrolysishappens when phosphate leaves ATP to give energy to something else. This causes ATP to become ADP, produces water33
9876646346cofactorsnon-protein enzyme helpers ex. zinc, iron, copper34
9876646347coenzymesorganic enzyme helpers ex. vitamins35
9876646348Denatureabove a certain temperature, activity declines, protein changes shape36
9876646349Gene Regulationcell switches on or off the genes that code for specific enzymes37
9876646350negative feedback inhibitionaccumulation of end product slows the reaction to stop production38
9876646351positive feedbackend product speeds up production (less common)39
9876646352Allosteric Regulationcan accelerate or inhibit production and enzyme activity by attaching to another part of the protein. this changes the shape of the active site which inhibits substrates from bonding and producing more products40
9876646353Activatorone of the allosteric regulators, stabilizes and keeps active site open for production41
9876646354Inhiibitorone of the allosteric regulators, changes shape of the active site so the substrate can't bind42
9876646355Competitive Inhibitorinhibitor that mimics original substrate and blocks the active site43
9876646356Noncompetetitive Inhibitorbind to another part of enzyme to change shape and block substrate from producing44
9876646357ways enzymes are affectedpH, temperature, salinity, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration45
9876646358exergonicreaction is spontaneous (-G), releases energy46
9876646359endergonicreaction is not spontaneous (positive G), absorbs energy47

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